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Questions and Answers
What is the normal range of osmolality in mOsm/Kg?
What is the normal range of osmolality in mOsm/Kg?
Which fluid compartment accounts for 2/3 of total body fluid?
Which fluid compartment accounts for 2/3 of total body fluid?
What type of fluid contains more particles than water?
What type of fluid contains more particles than water?
Which ion is the primary determinant of the osmolality of intracellular fluid (ICF)?
Which ion is the primary determinant of the osmolality of intracellular fluid (ICF)?
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Which of the following best describes active transport?
Which of the following best describes active transport?
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What percentage of an average healthy adult's weight is water?
What percentage of an average healthy adult's weight is water?
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Electrolytes are primarily responsible for which of the following functions in the body?
Electrolytes are primarily responsible for which of the following functions in the body?
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What type of fluid has fewer particles than water?
What type of fluid has fewer particles than water?
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What primarily influences biotransformation in a person?
What primarily influences biotransformation in a person?
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What is the main route through which drugs are excreted from the body?
What is the main route through which drugs are excreted from the body?
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Which transport method does not require energy for drug movement?
Which transport method does not require energy for drug movement?
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What impacts the bioavailability of orally administered drugs the most?
What impacts the bioavailability of orally administered drugs the most?
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What is the half-life of a drug?
What is the half-life of a drug?
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What is the primary function of hepatic microsomal enzymes?
What is the primary function of hepatic microsomal enzymes?
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What is a factor that affects drug excretion?
What is a factor that affects drug excretion?
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Which property of a drug affects its ability to pass through plasma membranes?
Which property of a drug affects its ability to pass through plasma membranes?
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What does pharmacokinetics primarily study?
What does pharmacokinetics primarily study?
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Which of the following is NOT a category of pharmacokinetics?
Which of the following is NOT a category of pharmacokinetics?
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What is the primary site of drug metabolism in the body?
What is the primary site of drug metabolism in the body?
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What does absorption in pharmacokinetics refer to?
What does absorption in pharmacokinetics refer to?
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Which factor affects the metabolism of a drug?
Which factor affects the metabolism of a drug?
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What is the main focus of pharmacotherapy for hypertension?
What is the main focus of pharmacotherapy for hypertension?
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What role does drug ionization play in pharmacokinetics?
What role does drug ionization play in pharmacokinetics?
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Which property of a drug is critical for its distribution in the body?
Which property of a drug is critical for its distribution in the body?
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What is the purpose of a loading dose in drug therapy?
What is the purpose of a loading dose in drug therapy?
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Which of the following best describes adverse reactions to drug therapy?
Which of the following best describes adverse reactions to drug therapy?
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What occurs during the preclinical investigation phase of the drug approval process?
What occurs during the preclinical investigation phase of the drug approval process?
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What is drug toxicity?
What is drug toxicity?
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What does the Department of Health and Human Services oversee?
What does the Department of Health and Human Services oversee?
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What does a standing order involve?
What does a standing order involve?
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Which is NOT a system of measurement used in pharmacology?
Which is NOT a system of measurement used in pharmacology?
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What is the main responsibility of a nurse regarding medication administration?
What is the main responsibility of a nurse regarding medication administration?
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Which route of administration involves using a cream or ointment?
Which route of administration involves using a cream or ointment?
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Before administering medication, what should be verified?
Before administering medication, what should be verified?
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What does 'prn' stand for in medication orders?
What does 'prn' stand for in medication orders?
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Which of the following is a guideline before drug administration?
Which of the following is a guideline before drug administration?
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What is defined as a medication error?
What is defined as a medication error?
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Study Notes
Osmolality and Homeostasis
- Osmolality measures fluid concentration in the body, mainly influenced by sodium, urea (BUN), and glucose.
- Average healthy adult: 60% body weight is water; varies with age, sex, and body fat.
- Homeostasis maintains a balance of fluids, electrolytes, acids, and bases despite environmental changes.
- Electrolytes are charged ions conducting electricity in all body fluids.
Body Fluid Distribution
- Body fluid compartments:
- Intracellular Fluid (ICF): 2/3 of total body fluid, located within cells.
- Extracellular Fluid (ECF): accounts for 1/3 of total body fluid, found outside cells (subdivided into interstitial and vascular fluid).
- Fluid concentration types:
- Iso-osmolar: equal particle concentration as water.
- Hypo-osmolar: fewer particles than water.
- Hyper-osmolar: more particles than water.
Pharmacokinetics Overview
- Pharmacokinetics studies drug movement and effects within the body, emphasizing therapeutic applications.
- Key processes include Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME).
- Drug absorption involves moving substances across membranes to circulating fluids.
Drug Absorption and Metabolism
- Absorption routes include skin, mucous membranes, GI tract, and respiratory system.
- Metabolism (biotransformation) converts drugs into forms easier for elimination, primarily occurring in the liver.
- Factors affecting metabolism include age, liver health, drug formulation, size, and solubility.
Drug Excretion
- Excretion removes drugs from the body, mainly via the kidneys, with other routes including the lungs and skin.
- Drug half-life indicates the time required for 50% elimination from the body.
- Drug excretion influenced by liver/kidney function, blood flow, ionization, and lipid solubility.
Drug Administration Principles
- Medication knowledge: Understand drug orders, patient compliance, and schedules.
- Adhere to the 10 Rights of Drug Administration to ensure proper dosing and delivery.
- Routes include enteral (oral), topical (creams/ointments), and parenteral (IV/IM).
Drug Approval Process
- Four phases: Preclinical Investigation, Clinical Investigation, Review of New Drug Application (NDA), and approval process by health authorities.
- Monitoring for side effects, adverse reactions, and drug toxicity is crucial during therapy.
Medication Errors and Guidelines
- Medication errors are preventable events leading to inappropriate use.
- Guidelines before administration include verifying orders, checking for allergies, and documenting patient concerns.
- Proper hand hygiene and glove use is essential in safe medication practices.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the concepts of osmolality and how it contributes to the maintenance of homeostasis in the human body. Explore key topics such as active transport and the balance of fluids and electrolytes within our biological systems.
