OSHA Safety and Physics Quiz

Respirator Use

• Before signing an employee to jobs requiring the use of a respirator, an employer must obtain written permission from a physician on the employee's ability to use a respirator.

Stress and Force

• The stress generated in an object as a result of applying a force is equal to the value of the force divided by the area upon which it acts.

Trenches and Shoring

• Shoring is required for all trenches more than 4 feet deep, unless they are sloped to an angle of repose or are in a stable rock.
• A trench is a narrow excavation that is deeper than it is wide and never wider than 15 feet.

Standards and Organizations

• The American Society of Mechanical Engineers has the most number of standards for unfired pressure vessels.

Ramps and Safety

• The maximum allowable slope for a ramp is 15 degrees, and it should never exceed 20 degrees.
• If an unsafe act is found during an inspection, the inspector should stop the act, instruct how the job can be completed safely, report the unsafe act to the supervisor, and provide adequate training.

Guarding and Safety

• The advantages of fixed guarding include being able to construct it to suit applications, providing a high level of protection, and having low maintenance.

CAD and Software

• CAD stands for Computer-Aided Design.
• CAD/CAM stands for Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing.
• The most common software packages used in occupational health and safety are Word processing and database management.

Warranties and Liability

• If a product fails to meet a warranty, the manufacturer can be held liable.
• Express Warranty refers to a seller's or lessor's oral or written promise concerning a product's life expectancy.

SQL and URL

• SQL stands for Structured Query Language.
• URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, and it is a web address used to locate a specific resource on the internet.

Inspections and Notifications

• When conducting a routine inspection and finding minor infractions, the best course of action is to notify the supervisor in writing.

Contractors and Hazardous Chemicals

• Employers who use contractors to perform work that involves highly hazardous chemicals must establish a screening process to hire contractors who can accomplish the tasks safely, evaluate contractors' work methods and experiences, and maintain a site injury and illness log.

Process Safety Management

• The Process Safety Management standard requires employers to develop and implement an emergency action plan, which must include alarm systems, evacuation/relocation, and pre-planning for releases.
• The employer must certify that they have evaluated compliance with the provisions of the OSHA standard every 3 years.

Highly Hazardous Chemicals

• Under OSHA's Process Safety Management standard, highly hazardous chemicals are substances possessing toxic, reactive, flammable, or explosive properties and are specified by the standard.

Air Collection Systems

• Wet collectors or scrubbers use water to help force dust, gas, or vapor contaminants from the air.
• Fabric collectors capture particulate contaminants as they pass through a specialized fabric filter.

UN Labeling System

• The UN labeling system provides information about the packaging and the type of packaging, and the material the packaging is made of, but it does not identify the specific contents being held by packaging and does not replace dangerous goods labeling.

Hearing Protection and NIOSH

• NIOSH recommends derating the Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) of hearing protection by subtracting 25% for earmuffs, 50% for formable earplugs, and 75% for all other earplugs.

Radioactivity and Units

• Radioactivity refers to the amount of ionizing radiation released by a material.
• The units of measure for radioactivity are Curie (Ci) and Becquerel (Bq).
• Exposure refers to the amount of radiation traveling through the air, and the units of measure for exposure are Roentgen (R) and C/kg.

Process Safety Management

• OSHA's process safety management standard applies to facilities that are operated, maintained, or serviced by employees who visit the facility only periodically.
• Highly hazardous chemicals are substances that possess toxic, reactive, flammable, or explosive properties as specified by the standard.

Process Flow Diagrams and Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams

• These diagrams are required under OSHA's process safety management standard.

Employee Participation

• The Employee Participation element is required under the Clean Air Act.
• The standard requires employers to establish a screening process to hire contractors who can accomplish tasks safely.

Process Technology Information

• Maximum inventory limits for process chemicals must be included in the process technology information.
• Limits beyond which would be considered upset conditions must be included.
• A qualitative estimate of the consequences or results of deviations from design intent must be included.

Process Hazard Analysis

• Detailed guidance on the content and application of process hazard analysis methodologies can be obtained from the American Chemical Society.
• Operating procedures certification needs to be updated annually.

Pre-Start Up Safety Review

• Construction of equipment must be in accordance with design specifications.
• Operating procedures must be in place and adequate.
• Training must be completed.

Emergency Action Plan

• The plan must include an alarm system, evacuation/relocation, and pre-planning for releases.

Certification

• Employers must certify that they have evaluated compliance with the provisions of the OSHA standard at least every 3 years.

Engineering Controls

• Example of an engineering control: placing a shield between an ionizing radiation source and an employee.

Point Source Airborne Contaminants

• General ventilation with a compression of 10 or more is used to control point source airborne contaminants.

Insurance

• Stock Insurance Company is a type of insurance company that is profit-motivated.
• Manufacturers and contractors coverage is used to provide liability coverage for a company engaged in the cleanup of hazardous waste sites.

Ventilation Design

• The number of air changes per unit can be obtained by dividing the volumetric flow rate of air in the ventilation system by the room volume.

Chemical Labels

• Chemical labels are put on drums of hazardous waste, gas cylinders, and bottles of hazardous chemicals.

OCP

• OCP stands for.

Data Loggers

• A data logger is an electronic instrument used to take measurements from sensors and store those measurements for future use.
• Data loggers work with sensors to convert physical phenomena and stimuli into electronic signals.
• The major benefit of a data logger with industrial hygiene monitoring devices is the ability to take sensor measurements and store the data for future use.

Safety Data Sheets

• Safety Data Sheets have 16 sections.
• OSHA will not enforce sections 12, 13, 14, and 15 of the SDS.

NFPA 101 Life Safety Code

• NFPA 101 Life Safety Code classifies buildings/structures based on the hazard of contents:
  • Low Hazard: seldom low combustibility that no self-propagating fire can occur.
  • Ordinary Hazard: likely to burn with moderate rapidity or give off a considerable volume of smoke.
  • High Hazard: likely to burn with extreme rapidity and explosions are likely.

Atmospheric Testing

• The proper order of atmospheric testing in a confined space is: Oxygen --> Flammability (10%+ of LFL) --> Toxicity (exceeding PEL).

Radiation

• Near-infrared radiation is invisible, feels warm, and ranges from 700nm to 1400nm.
• Scotoma is a loss of vision in a portion of the visual field resulting from damage to the retina where radiation is absorbed.

Insurance Coverage

• Insurance coverage falls into three categories: Property Insurance, Liability Insurance, and Life Insurance.
• Property Insurance addresses loss exposures relating to property.

Business Income Coverage

• Business Income Coverage addresses the loss of income and/or extra expense to operate.
• The basic BIC form covers three elements of loss exposure: Property, Perils, and Consequences.

Safety Concepts

• GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) opens the circuit in 0.02 to 0.03 seconds.
• Fall arrest systems absorb the energy of an actual fall.
• Electric arc welding is likely to produce ozone.
• Welding stainless steel produces ozone.

Advanced Safety Concepts

• Hexavalent chromium is developed through certain processes.
• The total pressure in a closed ventilation system is equal to the sum of velocity pressure and static pressure.
• The CE mark is used in many products manufactured in Europe, indicating that the product meets health and safety standards.

Process Safety Management

• The Process Safety Management standard requires employers to develop and implement an emergency action plan.
• The plan must include three components: Alarm System, Evacuation/Relocation, and Pre-planning for releases.
• Employers must certify that they have evaluated compliance with the provisions of the OSHA standard every 3 years.

Safety Regulations

• Employers must retain the two most recent compliance audit reports.
• The Department of Transportation requires that the original copy of the inspection report be retained for 14 months from the inspection.

Laser and Infrared Concepts

• Infrared-B wavelength is 1.4 micrometers to 3 micrometers.
• Far-infrared (IR-C) wavelength is 3 micrometers to 1,000 micrometers.
• LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.

Electrical and Fire Safety

• Electrical Bonding is the permanent joining of metallic parts to form an electrically conductive path.
• Tagout devices have a minimum unlocking strength of 50 pounds.

Chemical Hazards

• Perchloric Acid (HClO4) is commonly used in electroplating and firefighting industries.
• Sodium Hydroxide can cause considerable heat and produce fire/explosions when mixed with water or solvents.
• Metal carbonates react with acids to produce salt, water, and carbon dioxide.
• Chemical hazards are generally divided into four groups: toxic, reactive, corrosive, and flammable.

Safety Procedures

• Double block and bleed is a procedure used to close a line, duct, or pipe by closing and locking or tagging two in-line valves and by opening and locking or tagging a drain or vent valve in the line between the two closed valves.
• Line breaking is the intentional opening of a pipe, line, or duct that is or has been carrying flammable, corrosive, or toxic material, an inert gas, or any fluid at a volume, pressure, or temperature capable of causing injury.
• Inerting is the displacement of the atmosphere in a permit space by a noncombustible gas (such as nitrogen) to such an extent that the resulting atmosphere is non-combustible.

Air Collection Systems

• Cyclone Collectors are not suitable for small particles.
• Electrostatic precipitators are used to remove fine particles from the air.

Hazardous Materials and Chemicals

• Class 3B lasers can cause eye injury with a maximum output of 500mW.
• Class 4 lasers can cause injury to eye and skin, and are also a fire hazard.

Electrical Bonding

• Electrical bonding is the permanent joining of metallic parts to form an electrically conductive path.
• This ensures electrical continuity and the capacity to conduct safely any current likely to be imposed.

Tagout Devices and Sodium Hydroxide Hazards

• Tagout devices require a minimum unlocking strength of 50 pounds.
• Sodium hydroxide can cause considerable heat when mixed with water or solvents, producing fire/explosions.

Chemical Reactions and Hazards

• Metal carbonates react with acids to produce salt, water, and carbon dioxide.
• Chemical hazards are generally divided into four groups: toxic, reactive, corrosive, and flammable.

Highly Hazardous Chemicals and Process Safety Management

• Highly hazardous chemicals possess toxic, reactive, flammable, or explosive properties, as specified by OSHA's process safety management standard.
• The Employee Participation element standard is required under the Clean Air Act.
• Process technology information must include maximum inventory limits for process chemicals, limits beyond which would be considered upset conditions, and a qualitative estimate of the consequences or results of deviations from design intent.

Process Hazard Analysis and Operating Procedures

• Detailed guidance on process hazard analysis methodologies can be obtained from the American Chemical Society.
• Operating procedures certification needs to be updated annually.
• Employers who use contractors to perform work that involves highly hazardous chemicals must establish a screening process to hire contractors who can accomplish tasks safely.

Safety Data Sheets and NFPA 101 Life Safety Code

• Safety Data Sheets have 16 sections.
• OSHA will not enforce sections 12, 13, 14, and 15 of the SDS.
• NFPA 101 Life Safety Code classifies buildings/structures based on hazard of contents into Low Hazard, Ordinary Hazard, and High Hazard.

Atmospheric Testing and Radiation

• The proper order of atmospheric testing in a confined space is Oxygen, Flammability, and Toxicity.
• Near-infrared radiation is invisible, feels warm, and has a wavelength of 700nm to 1400nm.
• Scotoma is a loss of vision in a portion of the visual field resulting from damage to the retina where radiation is absorbed.

Hazardous Materials and Chemicals

• Class 3B lasers can cause eye injury with a maximum output of 500mW.
• Class 4 lasers can cause injury to eye and skin, and are also a fire hazard.

Electrical Bonding

• Electrical bonding is the permanent joining of metallic parts to form an electrically conductive path.
• This ensures electrical continuity and the capacity to conduct safely any current likely to be imposed.

Tagout Devices and Sodium Hydroxide Hazards

• Tagout devices require a minimum unlocking strength of 50 pounds.
• Sodium hydroxide can cause considerable heat when mixed with water or solvents, producing fire/explosions.

Chemical Reactions and Hazards

• Metal carbonates react with acids to produce salt, water, and carbon dioxide.
• Chemical hazards are generally divided into four groups: toxic, reactive, corrosive, and flammable.

Highly Hazardous Chemicals and Process Safety Management

• Highly hazardous chemicals possess toxic, reactive, flammable, or explosive properties, as specified by OSHA's process safety management standard.
• The Employee Participation element standard is required under the Clean Air Act.
• Process technology information must include maximum inventory limits for process chemicals, limits beyond which would be considered upset conditions, and a qualitative estimate of the consequences or results of deviations from design intent.

Process Hazard Analysis and Operating Procedures

• Detailed guidance on process hazard analysis methodologies can be obtained from the American Chemical Society.
• Operating procedures certification needs to be updated annually.
• Employers who use contractors to perform work that involves highly hazardous chemicals must establish a screening process to hire contractors who can accomplish tasks safely.

Safety Data Sheets and NFPA 101 Life Safety Code

• Safety Data Sheets have 16 sections.
• OSHA will not enforce sections 12, 13, 14, and 15 of the SDS.
• NFPA 101 Life Safety Code classifies buildings/structures based on hazard of contents into Low Hazard, Ordinary Hazard, and High Hazard.

Atmospheric Testing and Radiation

• The proper order of atmospheric testing in a confined space is Oxygen, Flammability, and Toxicity.
• Near-infrared radiation is invisible, feels warm, and has a wavelength of 700nm to 1400nm.
• Scotoma is a loss of vision in a portion of the visual field resulting from damage to the retina where radiation is absorbed.

Hazardous Materials and Chemicals

• Class 3B lasers can cause eye injury with a maximum output of 500mW.
• Class 4 lasers can cause injury to eye and skin, and are also a fire hazard.

Electrical Bonding

• Electrical bonding is the permanent joining of metallic parts to form an electrically conductive path.
• This ensures electrical continuity and the capacity to conduct safely any current likely to be imposed.

Tagout Devices and Sodium Hydroxide Hazards

• Tagout devices require a minimum unlocking strength of 50 pounds.
• Sodium hydroxide can cause considerable heat when mixed with water or solvents, producing fire/explosions.

Chemical Reactions and Hazards

• Metal carbonates react with acids to produce salt, water, and carbon dioxide.
• Chemical hazards are generally divided into four groups: toxic, reactive, corrosive, and flammable.

Highly Hazardous Chemicals and Process Safety Management

• Highly hazardous chemicals possess toxic, reactive, flammable, or explosive properties, as specified by OSHA's process safety management standard.
• The Employee Participation element standard is required under the Clean Air Act.
• Process technology information must include maximum inventory limits for process chemicals, limits beyond which would be considered upset conditions, and a qualitative estimate of the consequences or results of deviations from design intent.

Process Hazard Analysis and Operating Procedures

• Detailed guidance on process hazard analysis methodologies can be obtained from the American Chemical Society.
• Operating procedures certification needs to be updated annually.
• Employers who use contractors to perform work that involves highly hazardous chemicals must establish a screening process to hire contractors who can accomplish tasks safely.

Safety Data Sheets and NFPA 101 Life Safety Code

• Safety Data Sheets have 16 sections.
• OSHA will not enforce sections 12, 13, 14, and 15 of the SDS.
• NFPA 101 Life Safety Code classifies buildings/structures based on hazard of contents into Low Hazard, Ordinary Hazard, and High Hazard.

Atmospheric Testing and Radiation

• The proper order of atmospheric testing in a confined space is Oxygen, Flammability, and Toxicity.
• Near-infrared radiation is invisible, feels warm, and has a wavelength of 700nm to 1400nm.
• Scotoma is a loss of vision in a portion of the visual field resulting from damage to the retina where radiation is absorbed.

Advanced Safety Concepts

• In the event of a crash, impact energies remain below the threshold likely to produce either death or serious injury.
• A shield is an example of an engineering control used to place a barrier between an ionizing radiation source and an employee.
• Stock Insurance Company is a profit-motivated insurance company.

Insurance Coverage

• Manufacturers and contractors coverage provides liability coverage for a company engaged in the cleanup of hazardous waste sites.

Ventilation Design

• The number of air changes per unit can be obtained by dividing the volumetric flow rate of air in the ventilation system by the room volume.

Hazardous Materials

• Chemical labels are put on drums of hazardous waste, gas cylinders, and bottles of hazardous chemicals.
• OCP stands for (no definition provided).

Permeation and Osmosis

• Permeation is the sorption of the chemical into the surface of the material, diffusion through the material, and desorption on the opposite side.
• Osmosis is the process where molecules pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated to a more concentrated area.

Convection

• Convection is the movement caused within a fluid by the tendency of hotter and less dense material to rise, and colder, denser material to sink under the influence of gravity, resulting in the transfer of heat.

Respiratory Protection

• Full-face respirator protection factor is 1,000 when used in positive-pressure mode.
• SCBA protection factor is 10,000 when used in positive-pressure mode.
• Particulate respirators are required for grinding operations.

Electrical Safety

• NFPA 70 (NEC) categorizes hazardous locations into Class I (flammable gases/vapors/liquids), Class II (combustible dust), and Class III (location).

Dam Safety

• Indicators of seepage through the core wall on the downstream side of an earthen impounding reservoir water collection dam/berm include exposed gravel showing on the downstream slope.

Structural Safety

• Steel in concrete should be placed where two supports are low.
• A GFCI trips in 1/40th of a second.

FMEA and FTA

• FMEA requires more time than FTA.

Fan and Ventilation Systems

• Fan speed is directly related to CFM.
• TP/SP is equal to the square of the fan speed.
• HP is equal to the cube of the fan speed.

Cut Sets and System Failure

• A cut set is a point(s) at which the system can be cut to ensure non-operation.

Gas Detection and Measurement

• To convert LEL % to parts per million, multiply by a million.

Lighting and Illumination

• Minimum foot-candles for general construction are 5.
• First-aid stations require 30 foot-candles.

Chemical Testing

• Filters + Impingers and Visible Absorption Spectrometry are used to test for formaldehyde.

Organophosphates

• No definition provided.

Blood Testing

• When testing for cholinesterase inhibitors, look for changes in the blood.

Lockout and Tagout

• Double block and bleed involves closing and locking or tagging two in-line valves and opening and locking or tagging a drain or vent valve in the line between the two closed valves.

Line Breaking

• Line breaking involves the intentional opening of a pipe, line, or duct that is or has been carrying flammable, corrosive, or toxic material, an inert gas, or any fluid at a volume, pressure, or temperature capable of causing injury.

Inerting

• Inerting involves the displacement of the atmosphere in a permit space by a noncombustible gas (such as nitrogen) to such an extent that the resulting atmosphere is non-combustible.

Hazardous Substances

• Potassium is a water reactive substance that creates heat and gases when exposed to water.
• Perchloric acid should be kept at a cool or room temperature environment.

Dipping and Coating Operations

• The vapor area must keep airborne concentration of any substance below 25% of its LFL.

Management of Change

• Written procedures are required to manage changes or modified process chemicals, technology, equipment, procedures, and facilities.

Air Collection Systems

• Cyclone collectors are used for air collection, but are not suitable for small particles.
• Electrostatic precipitators are used to remove fine particles from the air.

Particle Size and Measurement

• Coarse particles or dust are 2,500-10,000 nm.
• Fine particles or particulate matter are 100-2,500 nm.
• Nanoparticles are 1-100 nm.
• Atoms and small molecules are 0.1 nm or less.

Ladder Safety

• The top of a fixed ladder must extend beyond 3.5 feet when reaching a landing.
• There must be 7 inches of clearance behind the ladder for rungs, or grab bars, or both.
• There must be a clear width of at least 15 inches on each side of the ladder.
• There must be a minimum clear distance of 30 inches on the climbing side.

Fire Suppression

• FM (Factory Mutual) certification is found on fire suppression products.

Control Systems

• Active control requires the worker to "do something" before system use, continuously or periodically during system operation, in order for the control to work and avoid injury.
• Passive control is a control that works without requiring the continuous or periodic involvement or action of system users.

Fall Arrest Systems

• Anchorages to which personal fall arrest equipment is attached shall be capable of supporting at least 5,000 lbs.

Insurance Coverage

• Property insurance addresses loss exposures related to property
• Liability insurance addresses loss exposures related to legal liability
• Business income coverage addresses loss of income and extra expenses to operate

Loss Exposures

• Basic BIC form covers three elements: Property, Perils, and Consequences
• Perils are defined as serious and immediate danger

Advanced Safety Concepts

• GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) opens the circuit in 0.02 to 0.03 seconds
• Fall arrest system absorbs the energy of an actual fall
• Electric arc welding is likely to produce ozone

Ventilation Systems

• Total pressure in a closed ventilation system is equal to the sum of velocity pressure and static pressure

Product Markings

• CE marking is used in many products manufactured in Europe, indicating that the product meets health and safety standards

Web and Computer Concepts

• URL stands for Universal Resource Locator, a unique address on the internet
• HTTP stands for Hyper Text Transport Protocol, which includes hypertext links, images, and text
• Web browser features include displaying files in native Portable Document Format (PDF)
• UNIX workstations are used for CPU-intensive applications
• Advantages of peer-to-peer networks include being inexpensive, simple, and having decentralized control

Scientific Concepts

• A spectrometer measures the transmission of liquids or solids as a function of wavelength, absorption of liquids or solids as a function of wavelength, and splits the beam into two parts
• Hexavalent chromium is developed through a process
• Water solubility is the maximum concentration of a solute that can be carried in water under equilibrium

Safety Regulations

• OSHA regulates compressed gas breathing air, including Grade D
• NIOSH Carcinogenicity classification includes Group 1 (carcinogenic), Group 2A (probably carcinogenic), Group 2B (possibly carcinogenic), Group 3 (unclassifiable), and Group 4 (probably not carcinogenic)
• PSM (Process Safety Management) investigations must be done within 48 hours

Crane Operations

• The rated load of a crane should not exceed the original capacity specified by the manufacturer

Radiation Safety

• Absorbed dose is the amount of radiation absorbed by an object or person, measured in rad and gray (gy)
• Dose equivalent combines the amount of radiation absorbed and the medical effects of that type of radiation, measured in rem and sievert (sv)
• The order of testing atmosphere in a confined space is oxygen, flammables, and toxic

Employer Responsibilities

• More than one employer can be cited on a multi-employer worksite
• The exposing employer can be cited for General Duty Clause
• The creating employer is the employer that caused a hazardous condition that violates an OSHA standard
• The correcting employer is an employer who is engaged in a common undertaking on the same worksite and is responsible for correcting a hazard

Advanced Safety Concepts

• The basic Business Interruption Coverage (BIC) form covers three elements: Property, Perils, and Consequences.

• Perils refer to serious and immediate danger.

• Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI) open the circuit in 0.02 to 0.03 seconds.

• Fall arrest systems absorb the energy of an actual fall.

• Electric arc welding is likely to produce ozone.

• Hexavalent chromium is developed through welding stainless steel.

• In a closed ventilation system, the total pressure is equal to the sum of velocity pressure and static pressure.

• The CE marking is used in many products manufactured in Europe, indicating that the product meets the health and safety standards.

• CE stands for Conformité Européene (Conformity Europe).

• Professional liability insurance helps protect individuals and companies that provide professional advice and services from bearing the full cost of defending against a negligence claim made by a client.

Fire Safety

• One of the elements required to set a fire is the suspension of particles in the air.

• The Illuminating Engineering Society provides recommended levels of illumination.

Respiratory Protection

• Closed Circuit Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) recirculates breathing air, purifies it, and adds fresh oxygen.

• Open Circuit Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) provides air via a high-pressure tank and exhausts exhaled air to the atmosphere.

• Air purifying respirators must not be used in atmospheres containing equipment.

Electrical Safety

• Fail-safe design for a spare pump system involves the activation of a spare pump on failure of the cooling water pump.

• Electrical bonding eliminates the potential difference between two conductors.

• Arching refers to the flow of electrons through the air.

• Hydrogen gas can be produced during charging of lead batteries.

• Conductive clothing is preferable for control of electrostatic hazards.

Hazards and Risk Assessment

• Types of severity include negligible, marginal, catastrophic (death), and critical (permanent disability).

• Types of effects from combining chemicals include synergistic, additive, antagonistic, and potentiating.

• BLEVE stands for Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion.

• NaOH corrodes easily with aluminum, lead, and zinc.

• Ames test measures mutagenicity.

• The UN labeling system provides information about the packaging and the material the packaging is made of.

• NIOSH recommends derating the NRR of hearing protection by subtracting 25% for earmuffs, 50% for formable ear plugs, and 75% for all other earplugs.

Radiation Safety

• Ci stands for Curie, and Bq stands for Becquerel.

• Radioactivity refers to the amount of ionizing radiation released by a material.

• Exposure describes the amount of radiation traveling through the air.

• The units of measure for radioactivity are Ci and Bq, and the units of measure for exposure are R and C/kg.

• R stands for Roentgen, and C/kg stands for Coulombs per kilogram.

Test your knowledge on OSHA regulations and fundamental physics concepts. This quiz covers topics such as respirator use, stress, and shoring.