30 Questions
What are the types of fracture identified by?
Site, extent, configuration, relationship of the fragments, relationship to the environment, complications
What are the signs and symptoms of a possible fracture?
Pain, swelling, deformity, inability to bear weight, bruising
What is the primary difference between primary and secondary healing of fractures?
Primary healing involves bone remodelling without external callus formation, while secondary healing involves tissue repair and callus formation.
When does callus usually form during fracture healing?
During the stage of callus formation in secondary healing
What is a possible complication of a fracture?
Infection
How is a fracture typically identified in terms of its relationship to the environment?
As closed (skin intact) or open (fracture penetrated through skin)
What are the risk factors associated with fractures?
Age, osteoporosis, certain medications, previous fractures
What is the expected time for bone healing after humeral fractures?
12-16 weeks
What is the primary brace management for humeral fractures?
Shoulder abduction pillow
What are the indications for operative treatments for humeral fractures?
Displaced fractures
What are the radiographic features associated with anterior shoulder dislocation?
Hill-Sachs lesion and Bankart lesion
What are the signs and symptoms of posterior shoulder dislocation?
Loss of rounded contour of the shoulder and flattened anterior deltoid
What are the medical management methods for shoulder dislocation?
Closed reduction and immobilization
What is the expected duration of rehabilitation for humeral fractures?
3-6 months
What are the principles of fracture fixation for shoulder fractures?
Restoring anatomical relationship, preserving blood supply, providing stability, and facilitating early mobilization
What is covered in the functional anatomy of the shoulder?
Common disorders, fractures, subluxation, and chronic instabilities
What does the shoulder stability description include?
Stability at rest, during active elevation, and at extremes of movement
What is outlined in the shoulder assessment methods?
H.O.P.S. (History, Observation, Palpation, Special Tests)
What is discussed in relation to fractures of the clavicle and humerus?
Their classification, etiology, signs, and symptoms
What is detailed in the medical and physical therapy management of clavicle and humeral fractures?
Management of clavicle and humeral fractures
What do the AO/OTA classification of humerus shaft and proximal fractures provide?
Classification for humerus shaft and proximal fractures
Which ligament plays a significant role in the stability of the elbow joint?
Ulnar collateral ligament
What deformities can result from fractures of the lower end of the radius?
Colles' and Smith's fractures
What is the recommended management for wrist fractures depending on the case?
All of the above
Which nerves are involved in elbow muscle function?
Median, radial, and musculocutaneous nerves
What type of joint is the elbow?
Hinge joint
Which tests are used to assess shoulder instability?
All of the above
What are the classifications of chronic shoulder instabilities?
Anterior, posterior, and global
What is involved in the management of chronic shoulder instabilities?
Shoulder harness and structured rehab programs
What complications can be associated with elbow dislocations?
All of the above
Study Notes
Orthopedic Injuries and Management
- Chronic shoulder instabilities can be atraumatic, congenital, or neuromuscular, and are classified into anterior, posterior, and global groups.
- Shoulder instability tests include load and shift tests, drawer tests, apprehension tests, and the sulcus sign to assess the magnitude of translation and diagnose stabilizer injuries.
- Management of chronic shoulder instabilities involves conservative methods such as shoulder harness and structured rehab programs, or surgical repair involving inferior capsular shift and superior shift of flaps.
- Elbow and wrist fractures and dislocations are common orthopedic issues, and the elbow is a hinge joint made from articulations of the humerus, radius, and ulna.
- The elbow has three enclosed joints in one capsule, and normal alignment includes two epicondyles and an apex of the olecranon forming an equilateral triangle in flexion.
- The elbow is supported by ligaments such as the annular, radial collateral, interosseous, and ulnar collateral ligaments, which play a significant role in joint stability.
- The fibrous capsule of the elbow surrounds the joint with circular, vertical, and oblique fibers, attaching proximally around the lower end of the humerus and distally to the edge of the olecranon.
- Elbow muscles include flexors (brachialis, biceps brachii) and extensors (triceps brachii), while the nerves involved are the median, radial, musculocutaneous, and ulnar nerves.
- Fractures of the lower end of the radius can result in deformities such as Colles' or Smith's fractures, often managed with external fixation or plaster of Paris (POP) depending on the case.
- Complications related to surgery and anesthesia for wrist fractures include unstable reduction, nerve stretch, compartment syndrome, and late complications like malunion and frozen shoulder.
- Elbow dislocations are commonly caused by falls and can present with pain, dysfunction, and potential vascular and nerve injuries, requiring closed reduction and immobilization followed by rehabilitation.
- Possible complications of elbow dislocation include joint stiffness, myositis ossificans, unreduced or recurrent dislocation, and osteoarthritis.
Test your knowledge of orthopedic injuries and management with this quiz covering topics such as chronic shoulder instabilities, elbow and wrist fractures, dislocations, and their management. Evaluate your understanding of shoulder instability tests, joint anatomy, ligaments, muscles, nerves, and potential complications associated with these injuries.
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