Orthodontics Final Review

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Questions and Answers

Who devised the first classification for malocclusions and started the first school of orthodontics?

Dr Richard Townley

Dr Charles McCoy

Dr William Edwards

Dr Edward Angle (correct)

Which of the following is NOT one of the goals of modern orthodontics?

Improved jaw function (correct)

Stable occlusal result

Acceptable facial esthetics

Best occlusal relationship

What is the primary indication for Early Intervention (Phase I Ortho)?

Primary teeth alignment

Mouth breathing (correct)

Facial beautification

Increased jaw strength

What classification is described as the normal relationship in primary dentition?

Flush Terminal Plane Signup and view all the answers

During which developmental stage does the Ugly Duckling Phase occur?

Incisor transition Signup and view all the answers

What does crown angulation specifically refer to?

The tilt of the top part of the tooth Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal position of lips in relation to the cephalometric evaluation line?

Lips fall on the line Signup and view all the answers

Why is crown angulation significant in orthodontics?

It influences the alignment of the visible part of the teeth Signup and view all the answers

Where should crown angulation be measured from?

From the gums to the incisal edge Signup and view all the answers

In Class II skeletal relationships, what characterizes the positioning of the maxilla and mandible?

Maxilla is normal, mandible is retrognathic Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of crown inclination should be properly aligned during dental assessments?

Labiolingual/Buccolingual inclination of the crown Signup and view all the answers

What serves as the centerline for measuring crown angulation in most teeth?

The mid-developmental ridge Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a concave profile in cephalometric evaluation?

Lips fall behind the evaluation line Signup and view all the answers

How is the centerline determined for molars during crown angulation measurement?

By the most prominent groove on the buccal surface Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is associated with a flat occlusal plane during dental assessments?

Generally flat with slight curvature of Spee Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with certain dental anomalies?

Enamel mottling with enamel thickness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of malocclusion?

Malnutrition Signup and view all the answers

What is the most commonly affected tooth in cases of ankylosis?

Mandibular primary first molar Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining trait of type 2 amelogenesis imperfecta?

Yellow-brown color and soft enamel Signup and view all the answers

Which permanent tooth is most commonly affected by ectopic eruption?

Permanent maxillary first molar Signup and view all the answers

What is the eruption pattern mnemonic for permanent teeth?

Mama Is In Pain Papa Can Make Medicine Signup and view all the answers

Which type of amelogenesis imperfecta presents a localized defect with pitting?

Type 1 Signup and view all the answers

What is a common factor for congenitally missing teeth?

Mandibular second premolar Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the characteristics of the materials used for Ceph Tracing?

Pencils and millimeter rules are used. Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the initial setup when performing Ceph Tracing?

Client’s name and date on the paper. Signup and view all the answers

What defines Phase I in orthodontics?

Typically involves mixed dentition. Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of orthodontics is associated with the use of Invisalign and lingual brackets?

Phase II Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?

Airway collapse, breathing effort, oxygen drop, brain signaling. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of airway obstruction in obstructive sleep apnea?

Deviated septum. Signup and view all the answers

Which device is typically the first choice treatment for mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea?

Dental appliances. Signup and view all the answers

What risk is associated with untreated obstructive sleep apnea?

Higher likelihood of heart failure. Signup and view all the answers

Which orthodontic appliance is known for maintaining space during the developing years?

Space Maintainer. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Pendulum appliance in orthodontic treatment?

To distalize first molars. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is a potential 'red flag' indicating obstructive sleep apnea?

Genetics. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of using dental appliances for obstructive sleep apnea?

Stress to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Signup and view all the answers

Which food type should be avoided by patients with braces?

Hard and sticky foods. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Dr. Edward Angle and Goals of Orthodontics

Developed the first classification of malocclusions and initiated the first school of orthodontics.
Three primary goals of modern orthodontics:
- Establish optimal occlusal relationships.
- Achieve stable occlusal results.
- Ensure acceptable facial aesthetics.

Early Intervention - Phase I Orthodontics

Indications for early intervention:
- Early or late tooth loss, difficulty chewing, mouth breathing, thumb sucking.
- Tooth crowding, crossbites, jaw shifts, speech issues, facial imbalances, jaw positioning problems.
- Grinding or clenching activities.

Primary Dentition Classification

Primary dentition relationships classified as:
- Distal Step
- Flush Terminal Plane (normal relationship)
- Mesial Step (may evolve to Class I or Class III)
Ideal primary dentition has:
- Spacing known as primate space.
- Broad, ovoid dental arches.

Ugly Duckling Phase

Characteristic stage during incisor transition involving:
- Linguoversion of mandibular lateral incisors.
- Flared maxillary lateral incisors.
- Diastema between maxillary central incisors.

Causes of Malocclusion

Factors contributing to malocclusion include:
- Genetic predispositions, habits, trauma, chronic diseases, and malnutrition.
Common congenital absence of teeth includes wisdom teeth, mandibular second premolars, and maxillary lateral incisors.

Tooth Eruption Patterns

Tooth eruption begins with approximately 50% root formation.
General eruption phrase mnemonic: “Mama Is In Pain Papa Can Make Medicine”.
Common eruption disorders:
- Ankylosis: fusion of cementum and bone, often seen in mandibular primary first molars.
- Ectopic eruption: misalignment of permanent teeth often affecting maxillary first molars.

Anomalies in Enamel: Amelogenesis Imperfecta

Manifestations include yellow-brown teeth color with four forms:
- Type 1: Hypoplasia (localized pitting).
- Type 2: Hypomaturation (soft, thin enamel, mottled colors).
- Type 3: Normal thickness but soft enamel prone to attrition.

Crown Angulation and Inclination

Crown angulation refers to the position of the tooth crown, relevant for orthodontic alignment.
Measurement focuses on the relationship between the gingival and incisal parts of the tooth.
For molars, the center is determined by the most prominent groove on the buccal surface.

Cephalometric X-rays Assessment

Utilized for soft tissue evaluation, skeletal positioning, airway assessment, and malocclusion severity.
Classification of skeletal relationships:
- Class I: normal maxilla and mandible.
- Class II: maxilla normal, mandible retrognathic.
- Class III: maxilla retrognathic, mandible normal.

Phases of Orthodontics

Phase I: intervention during mixed dentition, may involve functional or removable appliances to correct skeletal discrepancies and habits.
Phase II: focuses on final correction of tooth positions using braces, Invisalign.
Phase III: continuation of treatment progression.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

Diagnosed by 30+ apneic episodes during 7 hours of sleep.
Symptoms include airway blockage, unsuccessful breathing efforts, and resulting drops in blood oxygen levels.
Common causes: deviated septum, enlarged turbinates, nasal polyps, oversized tonsils, uvula, and posterior positioned tongue.
Significant prevalence in obese individuals (70%) and associated health issues like hypertension, heart disease, and stroke.
Treatment options include dental appliances, CPAP for severe cases, medications, and potential surgical interventions.

Orthodontic Appliances

Various space maintainers and expanders are employed in Phase I:
- Shwartz: expands 2mm/month for children under 13.
- Banded Hyrax: rapid palatal expander, requiring separators, expands 1.75-3.5mm/day.
- Quad Helix: anchored to permanent molars without splitting the palate.
Mandibular advancing appliances (Bionator, Twin Block, Herbst) used for positioning the mandible.
Maxillary distalizing appliances (Distal Jet, Pendulum) aid in the alignment of molars.

Oral Hygiene with Braces

Proxy brushes are recommended to maintain oral hygiene around braces.
Foods to avoid include hard, sticky, acidic varieties, and those high in sugar content.

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Description

Prepare for your orthodontics final with this comprehensive review quiz. Cover key concepts such as malocclusion classification by Dr. Edward Angle and the primary goals of modern orthodontic practices. Assess your understanding of early intervention strategies and more.