Origins of Life: Lesson 1
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Questions and Answers

Which property of life describes how organisms maintain stable internal conditions?

  • Cellular Organization
  • Metabolism
  • Reproduction
  • Homeostasis (correct)

What is the main function of ATP in living organisms?

  • Regulating body temperature
  • Storing genetic information
  • Transporting nutrients
  • Carrying energy within cells (correct)

Which of the following statements about reproduction is true?

  • Asexual reproduction involves two parents.
  • Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring to one parent. (correct)
  • Sexual reproduction only occurs in unicellular organisms.
  • Sexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring.

What does cellular organization refer to in living organisms?

<p>The structure and function of cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living things?

<p>Death (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Pasteur's experiment in microbiology?

<p>It disproved spontaneous generation by showing contamination from existing organisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of cellular structure, what component contains hereditary information?

<p>Nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples illustrates a unicellular organism?

<p>Amoeba (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a gene?

<p>To determine the physical characteristics of an organism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes prokaryotic cells?

<p>They lack a nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does NOT represent a unifying theme of life science?

<p>Genetic variation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cell theory states that all living organisms are composed of cells?

<p>First statement of cell theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is associated with the nucleus of a cell?

<p>Controlling cellular activities and housing genetic material (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Robert Hooke's observations?

<p>He coined the term &quot;cell&quot; for the first time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of the cell membrane is primarily responsible for its structural integrity?

<p>Phospholipid bilayer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for energy production?

<p>Mitochondria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?

<p>Capture light energy to produce ATP and NADPH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) occur?

<p>In the stroma of the chloroplast (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is produced as a byproduct in both light-dependent and light-independent reactions?

<p>Oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What inputs are necessary for the light-independent reactions to synthesize glucose?

<p>ATP, NADPH, Carbon Dioxide, Water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the process of the light-dependent reactions?

<p>Sunlight excites electrons and splits water to produce energy carriers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of mitochondria in a cell?

<p>ATP generation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is specifically involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification?

<p>Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for modifying and packaging proteins?

<p>Golgi Apparatus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lysosomes primarily known for?

<p>Digestion of waste materials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of cells would you find a central vacuole?

<p>Plant cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?

<p>Conversion of light energy into glucose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of the cell wall in plant cells?

<p>Cellulose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is known as the 'highway' of the cell?

<p>Endoplasmic Reticulum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of sexual reproduction?

<p>Genetic variation in offspring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a viviparous animal?

<p>Dog (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves an organism splitting into parts to form new individuals?

<p>Fragmentation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which advanced reproductive technique involves the collection and insertion of sperm into a female?

<p>Artificial Insemination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of asexual reproduction?

<p>Viviparity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pistil in flowering plants?

<p>To capture pollen and facilitate fertilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the stamen is responsible for pollen production?

<p>Anther (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism typically characterizes wind-pollinated plants?

<p>Light airborne pollen and exposed reproductive structures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of seed dispersal in plants?

<p>Reduce competition and colonize new areas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of self-dispersal in plants?

<p>Peas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does insect pollination differ from wind pollination?

<p>Insects are attracted to bright petals and nectar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the flower is primarily responsible for attracting pollinators?

<p>Petals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is typical of wind-dispersed seeds?

<p>Lightweight seeds with winged or feathered structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Spontaneous Generation

The outdated idea that life can arise from non-living matter.

Characteristics of Life

Properties shared by all living things, passed down from early life forms.

Cellular Organization

All living things have basic cellular structure (membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, DNA).

Metabolism

Sum of chemical processes to maintain life and use energy.

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Homeostasis

Maintaining stable internal conditions despite external changes.

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Reproduction (Asexual)

Offspring genetically identical to a single parent.

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Reproduction (Sexual)

Genetic combination from two parents for unique offspring.

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ATP

Energy-carrying molecules in cells, crucial for various processes.

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Heredity

The passing of traits from parents to offspring.

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Gene

A section of DNA containing instructions for a trait.

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Cell

The basic unit of life.

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Prokaryotic Cell

Simple cell without a nucleus.

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Eukaryotic Cell

Complex cell with a nucleus.

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Cell Theory (3 parts)

All life is made of cells; cells are the basic unit; cells come from other cells.

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Cell Organelle

Specialized structure within a eukaryotic cell.

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Nucleus

Cell part that holds DNA

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Cytoplasm

Jelly-like substance holding cell organelles and supporting cellular functions.

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Mitochondria

Cell's powerhouse, generating energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

Cellular 'highway' that transports proteins and lipids.

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Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins/lipids for transport.

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Lysosomes

Digests waste materials and cellular debris (animal cells).

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Chloroplasts

Site of photosynthesis, converting light to chemical energy (plants).

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Photosynthesis

Process converting light energy to chemical energy (glucose).

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Cell Wall

Provides structure and protection for plant, fungi, and some bacteria cells.

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Asexual Reproduction

A single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to itself.

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Sexual Reproduction

Two parents contribute genetic material, resulting in offspring with a unique combination of traits.

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Oviparous

Animals that lay eggs for development outside the mother's body.

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Viviparous

Animals give birth to live young that have developed inside the mother's body.

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Cloning

Creating a genetically identical copy of an organism.

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Light-Dependent Reactions

The first stage of photosynthesis that occurs in the thylakoid membrane. It converts light energy into chemical energy (ATP & NADPH) using water.

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Calvin Cycle

The second stage of photosynthesis, occurring in the stroma. It uses ATP and NADPH from the previous stage to synthesize glucose.

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Where does oxygen come from in photosynthesis?

Oxygen is released as a byproduct of the light-dependent reactions. During this process, water molecules are split, releasing oxygen gas.

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What are the main outputs of photosynthesis?

The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH. The Calvin Cycle uses these to produce glucose, the main food source for plants.

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ATP & NADPH

Energy carriers produced in the light-dependent reactions, used to power the Calvin Cycle and produce glucose.

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Sepals

Protective layers that enclose the flower bud before it blooms.

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Petals

Colorful and often fragrant parts of a flower that attract pollinators.

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Stamens

The male part of a flower that produces pollen.

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Carpels

The female reproductive part of a flower, consisting of stigma, style, and ovary.

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Stigma

The sticky top part of the carpel that receives pollen.

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Ovule

The structure within the ovary that develops into a seed after fertilization.

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Wind Pollination

The transfer of pollen by wind, often involving plants with small, inconspicuous flowers and light, airborne pollen.

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Animal Pollination

The transfer of pollen by animals, such as insects and birds, often involving plants with showy flowers, nectar, and scents.

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Study Notes

Lesson 1: Origins of Life

  • Creationism: Traditionally linked with religious beliefs, suggesting life was created by a divine being. Examples include Biblical Creationism and Islamic creation narratives.

  • Panspermia: A hypothesis proposing life exists throughout the universe, transported to Earth via space debris (e.g., meteoroids). Scientists like Svante Arrhenius and Fred Hoyle supported this theory.

  • Physical and Chemical Theory: Suggests life originated from simple chemicals through reactions powered by environmental factors (e.g., lightning). The Miller-Urey experiment simulated early Earth conditions, forming amino acids. Scientists like J.B.S. Haldane and Alexander Oparin contributed to this theory.

  • Abiogenesis: The theory that life arose naturally from non-living matter, a process that did not involve supernatural forces. It argues life started from self-replicating molecules, leading to biodiversity. RNA world hypothesis suggests RNA pre-dated DNA, acting as both a genetic carrier and catalyst.

  • Biogenesis: The principle that life arises from pre-existing life. This countered the idea of spontaneous generation like Louis Pasteur's famous experiment. Scientists like Louis Pasteur and Rudolf Virchow supported this theory.

Lesson II: Characteristics of Life and Unifying Themes in Life Science

  • Characteristics of Life: All living things share common properties: cellular organization, metabolism, homeostasis, reproduction, and heredity.

Lesson III: Cell: The Basic Unit of Life

  • Cellular Organization: All cells have a membrane, cytoplasm, and a nucleus containing DNA. Organisms can be unicellular or multicellular. Examples include amoeba, ducklings.

  • Metabolism: The sum of all chemical processes in an organism, converting and transferring energy. Organisms use energy to carry out processes, using molecules like ATP.

  • Homeostasis: Living things maintain stable internal conditions (e.g., 37°C internal body temperature), despite external changes.

  • Reproduction: Transfer of genetic information to produce offspring. Reproduction can be asexual (offspring genetically identical to parent) or sexual (two parents).

  • Heredity: The process by which characteristics are passed from parents to offspring (through DNA sequence).

Lesson III: Cell Organelles and Functions

  • Nucleus: Contains the cell's DNA, controlling cellular activities.

  • Cell Membrane: Protects the cell, controlling movement of substances in and out.

  • Cytoplasm: The fluid inside the cell, supporting cell organelles.

  • Mitochondria: Produces ATP (energy) through cellular respiration.

  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Transports proteins and lipids. Rough ER has ribosomes; smooth ER doesn't.

  • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.

  • Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.

  • Lysosomes: Digest waste materials and cellular debris.

  • Chloroplasts: Found in plants, perform photosynthesis.

  • Vacuoles: Store nutrients, waste, and other materials.

  • Centrioles: Help in cell division.

  • Cell Wall: Provides structure, protection, and rigidity to plant cells.

Lesson III: Photosynthesis

  • Photosynthesis: Process where plants convert light energy to chemical energy (glucose) using Chlorophyll, in chloroplasts. This occurs in two stages:

    • Light-dependent reaction: Captures light energy to create ATP and NADPH.

    • Light-independent reaction (Calvin Cycle): Uses ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

Lesson IV: Plant Reproduction

  • Plant Reproduction: Plants reproduce sexually and asexually to perpetuate their species and biodiversity. Important characteristics to note:

    • Flowering plant structure: Sepals, petals, stamens (anther and filament), pistil (stigma, style, and ovary), and ovules

    • Pollination: Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma, typically by wind or animals.

Lesson V: Animal Reproduction

  • Animal Reproduction: Fundamental for species survival and biodiversity.

  • Asexual reproduction: Single parent produces genetically identical offspring.

  • Sexual reproduction: Two parents contribute genetic material to produce genetically diverse offspring (common in animals).

    • Methods: Oviparous (egg-laying), Viviparous (live birth), Ovoviviparous (egg hatches inside mother)

  • Asexual Reproduction methods: Budding, Fragmentation, and Regeneration.

Advanced Reproductive Techniques

  • Cloning: Creating genetically identical copies of organisms. Processes like somatic cell nuclear transfer are examples.

  • Artificial Insemination: Introducing sperm into the female reproductive tract to facilitate fertilization

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