Origins and Elements of Civilization

<p>Increased agriculture and demand for labor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cooperation is only for specific tasks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were rich in prey and essential for survival. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the chief no longer followed customs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Command from chiefs using military force. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To avenge murders and for violence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The conquest of a weaker population by a organized group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By allowing for the establishment of control over conflicting groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helped to maintain power subtly rather than through direct force (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Public opinion of the village (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Land with sufficient grass for their animals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The establishment of nobility and a state (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By establishing control through violence and conquest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Existence of organized governments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homogeneous social groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pharaohs and government officials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agriculture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By causing natural disasters that can decline cities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discovery of fire (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It sparked the creation of tools and weapons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural rituals and ethics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An early form of society where resources and goods were shared communally.

Factors that led to the end of primitive communism, such as the introduction of private property and trade.

The beginning of the concept of things belonging to individuals or families.

A system of forced labor where people are owned and controlled by others, often driven by agricultural needs.

Distinct groups in society with unequal access to resources, power, and status, often emerging with the rise of agriculture and trade.

A group of related families sharing a common ancestor, territory, and culture.

A group of clans united under a shared leadership.

Early systems of governing with limited power held by family heads or clan leaders.

Herding societies competed for grazing land, while agricultural societies sought fertile soil.

Warfare was fought not only for land but also for revenge, personal glory, and even breaking the monotony of daily life.

Warfare eliminated weaker groups, spurred innovation, and encouraged the development of courage, violence, and intelligence.

Nietzsche believed states emerged when strong conquerors subjugated larger but unorganized populations.

Lester Ward argued that the state's origin lies in the conquest of one race by another, leading to a shift from tribal organization.

Oppenheimer observed that invading tribes often established themselves as nobility, creating a new state.

Ratzenhofer believed that violence was the primary force behind the formation of the state.

A state solely reliant on force would weaken quickly. Law emerged alongside property and government, making governance more subtle and effective.

The word "civilization" stems from the Latin civilis, meaning "related to citizens," which is based on civis and civitas (city). It originally distinguished people living in cities from those considered "uncivilized" like barbarians or savages.

Civilization is marked by advancements in various aspects of society, including knowledge, culture, technology, art, science, record-keeping, and organized systems like governments and social structures.

Events like volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis have significantly impacted human history, often leading to the decline of cities and civilizations.

Abundant resources, fertile soil, reliable access to water, and strategic location are crucial geographical conditions that support the development of civilizations.

Agriculture is considered the foundation of civilization. A reliable supply of food and water allows people to settle down, build communities, and develop further.

Key economic elements that contribute to civilization include agriculture, economic organization, and industry.

Industry is rooted in the discovery and utilization of fire, leading to advancements in tools, weaving, pottery, building, transportation, trade, and finance.

Humans, inspired by animals, began creating tools and weapons to enhance their capabilities. This imitative nature reflects our innate drive for innovation.