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Questions and Answers

Which one of the following best describes efficiency in management?

  • The degree to which an organization achieves a stated goal
  • The use of influence to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals
  • The use of minimal resources to produce the desired volume of output (correct)
  • The cognitive ability to see the organization as a whole system

Which one of the following best describes effectiveness in management?

  • The cognitive ability to see the organization as a whole system
  • The degree to which an organization achieves a stated goal (correct)
  • The use of minimal resources to produce the desired volume of output
  • The use of influence to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals

Which one of the following is NOT a function of management?

  • Leading (correct)
  • Controlling
  • Planning
  • Organizing

Which of the following behaviors falls under the category of people-oriented behavior?

<p>Consideration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which management style reflects a moderate amount of concern for both people and production?

<p>Middle-of-the-road management (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of power refers to the authority to punish or recommend punishment?

<p>Coercive power (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element is recognized in the strategic approach to human resource management?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is a characteristic of effective goals according to the text?

<p>Effective goals must be challenging but realistic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of contingency planning according to the text?

<p>To define company responses to emergencies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between management and leadership according to the text?

<p>Leadership promotes stability and order (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two basic leadership behaviors identified as important for leadership according to the text?

<p>Attention to tasks and people (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skills refers to the ability to work effectively as a group member and to work with and through other people?

<p>Human skills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skills refers to the understanding and proficiency in the performance of specific tasks?

<p>Technical skills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following environments includes all elements existing outside the boundary of the organization that have the potential to affect the organization?

<p>External environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following refers to the uncertainty that managers face when they do not have sufficient information about environmental factors to understand and predict environmental needs and changes?

<p>Environment uncertainty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key component of goal-setting theory?

<p>Goal specificity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what does the equity theory focus on?

<p>Individuals' perceptions of how fairly they are treated compared with others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of reinforcement theory?

<p>The relationship between behavior and its consequences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the purpose of motivation in the workplace?

<p>To maintain an effective workforce (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a key function of management?

<p>Planning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes efficiency in management?

<p>The use of minimal resources to produce the desired volume of output (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following skills refers to the cognitive ability to see the organization as a whole system and the relationships among its parts?

<p>Conceptual skills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes effectiveness in management?

<p>The degree to which organization achieves a stated goal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is NOT a function of management?

<p>Motivating (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following refers to the use of influence to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals?

<p>Leading (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of skills refers to the ability to work with and through other people and to work effectively as a group member?

<p>Human skills (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'environment uncertainty' mean according to the text?

<p>The lack of information about environmental factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a formal mission in an organization according to the text?

<p>To define the basic purpose of the organization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do strategic goals in an organization pertain to according to the text?

<p>The organization as a whole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do tactical goals in an organization refer to according to the text?

<p>The major actions the division must take (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do operational plans in an organization identify according to the text?

<p>The specific procedures or processes needed at lower levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a characteristic of effective goals according to the text?

<p>Goals must be specific and measurable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following approaches helps organizations cope with unexpected events?

<p>Contingency planning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between management and leadership according to the text?

<p>Management promotes stability and order, while leadership promotes vision and change (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is NOT a limitation of planning according to the text?

<p>Goals and plans are a guide to action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two basic leadership behaviors identified as important for leadership according to the text?

<p>Attention to tasks and attention to people (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is NOT a benefit of planning according to the text?

<p>Goals and plans create a false sense of certainty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which of the following is a key component of goal-setting theory?

<p>Feedback (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the purpose of motivation in the workplace?

<p>To enhance productivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what does the equity theory focus on?

<p>The perception of fairness in treatment compared to others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which of the following skills refers to the ability to work effectively as a group member and to work with and through other people?

<p>Human skills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the primary distinction between management and leadership?

<p>Management focuses on tasks, while leadership focuses on people (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which of the following environments includes all elements existing outside the boundary of the organization that have the potential to affect the organization?

<p>General environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key element of the strategic approach to Human Resource Management?

<p>Employees are viewed as assets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between legitimate power and reward power?

<p>Legitimate power refers to the authority to bestow rewards on other people, while reward power refers to power coming from a formal management position (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership style often is considered the most effective and is recommended for leaders because organization members work together to accomplish tasks?

<p>Team management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of transactional leaders?

<p>To clarify the role and task requirements of subordinates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of power comes from an individual’s personal characteristics that command others' identification, respect, and admiration?

<p>Referent power (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential ability to influence the behavior of others called?

<p>Power (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a personal power according to the text?

<p>Expert power (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of transactional leaders according to the text?

<p>Task behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a form of position power used by managers to change employee behavior according to the text?

<p>Coercive power (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major behaviors identified as important for effective leadership according to the text?

<p>Consideration and initiating structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a characteristic of transformational leaders according to the text?

<p>Innovative (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential ability to influence the behavior of others called according to the text?

<p>Position power (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of effective goals according to the text?

<p>Goals must have a defined time period (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of contingency planning according to the text?

<p>To develop company responses to emergencies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following best describes effectiveness in management?

<p>Achieving goals efficiently (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following approaches helps organizations cope with unexpected events?

<p>Contingency planning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a benefit of planning according to the text?

<p>Providing a source of motivation and commitment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is NOT a limitation of planning according to the text?

<p>Promoting stability and order (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key function of management?

<p>Planning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following best describes efficiency in management?

<p>The use of minimal resources to produce the desired output (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a trade-off that companies have to make according to the text?

<p>Higher efficiency at the cost of effectiveness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of controlling in management according to the text?

<p>Monitoring employees' activities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of power comes from an individual's personal characteristics that command others' identification, respect, and admiration?

<p>Referent power (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following skills refers to the cognitive ability to see the organization as a whole system and the relationships among its parts?

<p>Conceptual skills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which of the following is a key element of the strategic approach to Human Resource Management?

<p>Hiring and retaining the right people (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the purpose of motivation in the workplace?

<p>To increase productivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which of the following skills refers to the ability to work effectively as a group member and to work with and through other people?

<p>Interpersonal skills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what does the equity theory focus on?

<p>Perceptions of fairness in treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the primary distinction between management and leadership?

<p>Management focuses on tasks, while leadership focuses on people (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the potential ability to influence the behavior of others called?

<p>Referent power (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the purpose of a formal mission in an organization?

<p>To define the basic purpose of the organization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following best describes strategic goals?

<p>Broad statements describing where the organization wants to be in the future (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the primary distinction between management and leadership?

<p>Management focuses on efficiency, while leadership focuses on effectiveness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what do tactical goals in an organization refer to?

<p>The major actions a division must take to fulfill its part in the strategic plan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which of the following skills refers to the ability to work with and through other people and to work effectively as a group member?

<p>Human skills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what does the term 'environment uncertainty' mean?

<p>Managers do not have sufficient information about environmental factors to understand and predict environmental needs and changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of management?

<p>Planning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of controlling in management?

<p>To monitor and make corrections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following best describes efficiency in management?

<p>The use of minimal resources to produce the desired volume of output (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the primary distinction between management and leadership?

<p>Management involves planning, organizing, leading, and controlling, while leadership involves motivating and inspiring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what does the term 'environment uncertainty' mean?

<p>The uncertainty that managers face when they do not have sufficient information about environmental factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skills refers to the cognitive ability to see the organization as a whole system and the relationships among its parts?

<p>Conceptual skills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following leadership styles is characterized by a primary emphasis on people rather than work outputs?

<p>Country club management (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of power refers to the authority to punish or recommend punishment?

<p>Coercive power (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key element of the strategic approach to Human Resource Management?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership approach focuses on bringing about high levels of commitment and enthusiasm by recognizing follower's needs and concerns and challenging them to look at old problems in new ways?

<p>Transformational leadership (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of power results from a person's special knowledge or skill regarding the tasks being performed?

<p>Expert power (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of effective goals according to the text?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following theories focuses on individuals' perceptions of how fairly they are treated compared with others?

<p>Equity theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the purpose of motivation in the workplace?

<p>To increase productivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key component of goal-setting theory?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the most popular process theory of motivation?

<p>Goal-setting theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method for reducing a perceived inequity according to the text?

<p>Distort perceptions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a subfield that specifically addresses the added complexity that results from coordination and managing diverse people on a global scale?

<p>IHRM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which of the following skills refers to the understanding and proficiency in the performance of specific tasks?

<p>Technical skills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the potential ability to influence the behavior of others called?

<p>Referent power (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the primary distinction between management and leadership?

<p>Management focuses on efficiency, while leadership focuses on effectiveness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what does the equity theory focus on?

<p>The relationship between rewards and satisfaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following environments includes all elements existing outside the boundary of the organization that have the potential to affect the organization?

<p>The external environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the purpose of motivation in the workplace?

<p>To improve employee performance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of effective goals according to the text?

<p>Goals must cover key result areas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of contingency planning according to the text?

<p>To define company responses to be taken in case of emergencies, setbacks or unexpected conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a benefit of planning according to the text?

<p>Planning guides resource allocation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following approaches helps organizations cope with unexpected events?

<p>Contingency planning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what does crisis planning enable firms to do?

<p>Cope with unexpected events that have the potential to destroy the organization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between management and leadership according to the text?

<p>Management promotes stability and order, while leadership promotes vision and change. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors falls in the category of people-oriented behavior and is the extent to which the leader is mindful of subordinates, respects their ideas and feelings, and establishes mutual trust?

<p>Consideration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors refers to the degree of task behavior and the extent to which the leader is task-oriented and directs subordinate work activities towards goal attainment?

<p>Initiating structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which management style often occurs when the primary emphasis is given to people rather than to work outputs?

<p>Country club management (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which management style reflects a moderate amount of concern for both people and production?

<p>Middle-of-the-road management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of power refers to the authority to punish or recommend punishment?

<p>Coercive power (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of power comes from a person's special knowledge or skill regarding the tasks being performed?

<p>Expert power (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes efficiency in management?

<p>The use of minimal resources to produce the desired volume of output (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of transactional leaders according to the text?

<p>Rewarding or punishing employees based on their performance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two basic leadership behaviors identified as important for leadership according to the text?

<p>People-oriented behavior and task-oriented behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following best describes strategic goals?

<p>Goals that define where the organization wants to be in the future and how to get there (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skills refers to the cognitive ability to see the organization as a whole system and the relationships among its parts?

<p>Conceptual skills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of power comes from an individual's personal characteristics that command others' identification, respect, and admiration?

<p>Referent power (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of effective goals according to the text?

<p>Goals must be challenging but realistic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of controlling in management according to the text?

<p>To maintain stability and order (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of transactional leaders according to the text?

<p>Promoting vision and change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential ability to influence the behavior of others called according to the text?

<p>Position power (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is NOT a limitation of planning according to the text?

<p>Guiding resource allocation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential ability to influence the behavior of others called?

<p>Position power (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what are the current strategic issues of particular concern to managers in HRM?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the purpose of the International Human Resource Management (IHRM) subfield?

<p>To address the added complexity that results from coordination and managing diverse people on a global scale (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is motivation in the context of HRM?

<p>The forces either within or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what does the Hierarchy of Needs Theory propose?

<p>People are motivated by multiple needs that exist in a hierarchical order (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what does the Equity Theory focus on?

<p>Individuals' perceptions of how fairly they are treated compared with others (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the primary focus of transactional leaders?

<p>Increasing productivity through reinforcement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what are technical skills?

<p>The understanding and proficiency in the performance of specific tasks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a formal mission in an organization according to the text?

<p>To define the basic purpose of the organization for external audiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the external environment and the general environment according to the text?

<p>The external environment includes all elements existing outside the boundary of the organization, while the general environment mostly affects organizations indirectly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are tactical goals/plans according to the text?

<p>The major actions the division must take to fulfill its part in the strategic plan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of motivation in the workplace according to the text?

<p>To influence the behavior of employees to achieve organizational goals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are strategic goals according to the text?

<p>The broad statements describing where the organization wants to be in the future (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following leadership styles reflects a moderate amount of concern for both people and production?

<p>Middle-of-the-road management (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of power that comes from an individual's personal characteristics that command others' identification, respect, and admiration?

<p>Referent power (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a form of position power used by managers to change employee behavior?

<p>Personal power (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key element of the strategic approach to Human Resource Management?

<p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following theories focuses on individuals' perceptions of how fairly they are treated compared with others?

<p>Equity theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of transformational leaders according to the text?

<p>They inspire followers to believe in their own potential (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is NOT a function of management?

<p>Controlling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the primary distinction between management and leadership?

<p>Management focuses on achieving goals, while leadership focuses on influencing people (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skills refers to the cognitive ability to see the organization as a whole system and the relationships among its parts?

<p>Conceptual skills (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the purpose of motivation in the workplace?

<p>To achieve organizational goals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key element of the strategic approach to Human Resource Management?

<p>Planning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following refers to the use of influence to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals?

<p>Leading (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a key element of the task environment according to the text?

<p>Competitors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the purpose of a well-defined mission in an organization?

<p>To serve as the basis for development of all subsequent goals and plans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do strategic goals in an organization pertain to according to the text?

<p>The organization as a whole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what are technical skills?

<p>The understanding and proficiency in the performance of specific tasks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is a characteristic of transformational leaders according to the text?

<p>They challenge followers to look at old problems in new ways (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the primary distinction between legitimate power and reward power?

<p>Legitimate power comes from a person's position in the organization, while reward power comes from a person's ability to provide rewards (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the purpose of motivation in the workplace?

<p>To increase productivity and achieve organizational goals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what are the two factors in the two-factor theory of motivation?

<p>Hygiene factors and motivators (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is equity theory?

<p>A theory that focuses on individuals' perceptions of how fairly they are treated compared with others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is goal-setting theory?

<p>A theory that proposes setting specific, challenging goals to increase motivation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is reinforcement theory?

<p>A theory that looks at the relationship between behavior and its consequences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the primary focus of transactional leaders?

<p>Maintaining the status quo and ensuring tasks are completed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of operational goals according to the text?

<p>They are stated in quantitative terms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of contingency planning according to the text?

<p>To define company responses to emergencies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a limitation of planning according to the text?

<p>It can create a false sense of certainty (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between management and leadership according to the text?

<p>Management promotes stability and order, while leadership promotes vision and change (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of motivation in the workplace according to the text?

<p>To provide a source of motivation and commitment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key element of the strategic approach to Human Resource Management according to the text?

<p>Attention to people (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a limitation of planning according to the text?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a benefit of planning according to the text?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following approaches helps organizations cope with unexpected events according to the text?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of effective goals according to the text?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary distinction between management and leadership according to the text?

<p>Management promotes stability and order within the existing organizational structure and systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two basic leadership behaviors identified as important for leadership according to the text?

<p>Attention to tasks and attention to people (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Efficiency in Management

Using minimal resources to achieve the desired output volume.

Effectiveness in Management

The extent to which an organization achieves its stated goals.

Conceptual Skills

The cognitive ability to see the organization as a whole and the relationships among its parts.

Environmental Uncertainty

The lack of sufficient information to understand and predict environmental changes and needs.

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Formal Mission

Defines the fundamental reason for the organization's existence.

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Strategic Goals

Relating to the entire organization and its overall objectives.

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Tactical Goals

Actions a division must take to achieve strategic goals.

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Operational Plans

Specific procedures and processes needed at lower levels.

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Effective Goals

Specific and measurable targets to aim for.

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Contingency Planning

A proactive plan to define company responses to emergencies.

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Management vs Leadership

Management promotes stability and efficiency, while leadership promotes vision and change.

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External Environment

External factors that can potentially affect an organization.

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Motivation in the Workplace

Motivation is creating and maintaining an effective workforce.

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Equity Theory

Individuals' perceptions of fairness compared with others.

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Human Skills

The ability to work effectively as a group member.

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Management vs Leadership Focus

Management focuses on tasks, while leadership focuses on people.

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General Environment

All elements outside the organization that can affect it.

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HRM Strategic Approach

Employees are viewed as valuable assets, not costs.

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Legitimate Power

Authority from a formal management position.

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Team Management

Organization members working together to accomplish tasks.

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Transactional Leadership

Clarifying subordinates' roles and task requirements.

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Referent Power

Power from personal characteristics commanding respect.

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Power

Potential ability to influence others' behavior.

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Expert Power

Power based on expertise or knowledge.

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Leading

The use of influence to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals.

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Human Skills

Skills that make the person able to work with and through other people and to work effectively as a group member.

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Technical Skills

The ability to understand the proficiency in the performance of specific tasks

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Reinforcement Theory

The relationship between behavior and its consequences

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Goal limitations

Goals and plans are a guide to action.

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Study Notes

Management and Leadership in Organizations

  • Management is the process of achieving organizational goals through effective and efficient planning, organizing, leading, and controlling of resources.
  • Effectiveness is the degree to which an organization achieves its goals, while efficiency is the use of minimal resources to produce desired output.
  • Planning involves setting goals and determining the resources needed to achieve them.
  • Organizing entails assigning tasks, grouping them into departments, and allocating resources.
  • Leading involves motivating employees and creating a shared culture and values.
  • Controlling involves monitoring activities and making corrections as necessary.
  • Conceptual skills involve understanding the organization as a whole and its relationship to the external environment.
  • Human skills involve working effectively with and through other people.
  • Technical skills involve proficiency in specific tasks.
  • The external environment includes competitors, resources, technology, and economic conditions.
  • The general environment consists of social, economic, legal-political, international, natural, and technological factors.
  • The task environment includes sectors that directly influence the organization's operations and performance.
  • Goals and plans are socially constructed and can be set at different levels - mission, strategic, tactical, and operational.

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