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Questions and Answers

What is the main goal of organizational change?

  • To maintain the current state of the organization
  • To decrease the organization's ability to create value
  • To reduce the organization's returns to its stakeholders
  • To find new or improved ways of using resources and capabilities to increase an organization's ability to create value (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a target of organizational change?

  • Human Resources
  • Functional Resources
  • Technological Capabilities
  • Financial Resources (correct)

    • What is the main objective of career planning?

  • To acquire information about opportunities and choices
  • To attract, select and retain employees
  • To become aware of personal skills, interests, knowledge, motivations, and other characteristics
  • To identify career-related goals and establish action plans (correct)

    • What is an example of a change in functional resources?

    <p>Transferring resources to the functions where the most value can be created</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the concept of careers today, what is more important?

    <p>Flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Talent Management?

    <p>Attraction, selection, and retention of employees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did IBM change its organizational structure?

    <p>To better capitalize on its new strengths in providing IT consulting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a change in human resources?

    <p>New investment in training and development activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important step in managing turnovers?

    <p>Determining why employees are leaving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a strategy to retain talent?

    <p>Offering flexibility and work-life balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is organizational change primarily concerned with?

    <p>Moving from the current state to a desired future state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of a Human Resource Development Manager?

    <p>To empower employees to become a major asset of the company</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is proper job analysis necessary in Talent Management?

    <p>To ensure proper selection procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a reason for employee turnover?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Organizational Confrontation Meeting?

    <p>To bring together all managers of an organization to confront the issue of meeting its goals effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between HRM and HRD?

    <p>HRM focuses on the present needs of the company, while HRD focuses on future needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of an HR Manager?

    <p>To manage the overall HR function of the organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of forming specialized teams in an organization?

    <p>To boost productivity and achieve company goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the third stage of team development?

    <p>Norming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common problem that can occur in a team?

    <p>The team is not a team, they are just groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main assumption of Theory X managers about their subordinates?

    <p>They need to be controlled to meet organizational goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the Growth Perspective of Argyris?

    <p>Individual growth and development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Theory X and Theory Y managers?

    <p>Theory X managers believe in controlling subordinates, while Theory Y managers believe in empowering them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea of Human Relations Theory?

    <p>Aligning organizational goals with individual goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Contingency Theories?

    <p>They are flexible and dependent on the situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of an organization that adopts the Growth Perspective of Argyris?

    <p>To aid individual growth and development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the Human Relations Theory and the Contingency Theories?

    <p>The Human Relations Theory is more focused on the organization, while the Contingency Theories are more focused on the situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Growth Perspective of Argyris, how do individuals grow?

    <p>From passive to active organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of the Human Relations Theory?

    <p>It assumes that all workers value quality and teamwork.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind the Contingency Theories?

    <p>That the best approach to management depends on the situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organizational theories is applicable to traditional organizations that need standardization and centralization?

    <p>Classical Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Motivation Theory?

    <p>Employee motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following theories is concerned with the relationship between people and machines?

    <p>Sociotechnical Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind the Contingency Theories?

    <p>It depends on the business environment and product/service</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key concept in the Systems Theory?

    <p>Input and Output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Theory X and Theory Y managers?

    <p>Their approach to employee motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of organizational development, according to the Neoclassical Theory?

    <p>To increase employee motivation and productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of the Human Relations Theory?

    <p>It neglects the role of technology in organizational design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following theories is most concerned with the growth and development of individuals?

    <p>Growth Perspective of Argyris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Systems Theory in organizational development?

    <p>To diagnose the organization's strengths and weaknesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for lack of skill in an organization?

    <p>Training and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organizational theory is applicable to traditional organizations that need standardization and centralization?

    <p>Classical Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Motivation Theory?

    <p>Employee motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following theories is concerned with the relationship between people and machines?

    <p>Sociotechnical Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Contingency Theories?

    <p>It depends on various factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of an organization that adopts the Growth Perspective of Argyris?

    <p>Individual growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Theory X and Theory Y managers?

    <p>Theory X managers believe employees are lazy, while Theory Y managers believe employees are motivated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key concept in the Systems Theory?

    <p>Input &gt; Transformation &gt; Output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Systems Theory in organizational development?

    <p>Diagnosing the organization to determine the best theory to adopt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main assumption of Theory X managers about their subordinates?

    <p>Employees are lazy and need to be controlled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Organizational Development Techniques

    • Organizational Mirroring: a technique to improve work interactions between two interdependent groups by exploring their perceptions and relations.
    • Organizational Confrontation Meeting: a technique that brings together all managers to confront issues of meeting goals effectively; involves open-forum discussions, heterogeneous grouping, and task forces to address identified problems.

    Human Resource Management and Development

    • Difference between HRM and HRD:
      • HRM focuses on present company needs, while HRD focuses on future needs.
      • HRM is about management, while HRD is about employee development.
    • Activities involved in HRD:
      • Training and Development
      • Career Development
      • Talent Management
      • Performance Appraisal
      • Employee Engagement and Empowerment
    • Activities involved in HRM:
      • Manpower Planning
      • Staffing
      • Developing
      • Maintaining and Managing Relationships
      • Evaluating
    • Compare HR Manager and HRD Manager:
      • HR Managers are generalists, focusing on the bigger picture.
      • HRD Managers are specialists, focusing on employee empowerment.

    Team Dynamics

    • Importance of team dynamics: a group can finish a project, boosting productivity.
    • Stages of team development:
      • Forming
      • Storming
      • Norming
      • Performing
    • Group Processes affecting team effectiveness:
      • Group Cohesiveness
      • Communication Structure
      • Group Roles
      • Presence of others
      • Type of Tasks
      • Individual Dominance
      • Groupthink
    • Common problems in teams:
      • Not a real team
      • Excessive meeting requirements
      • Lack of empowerment

    Organizational Change, Development, and Transition

    • Organizational Change: the process of moving from a current to a desired future state to increase effectiveness.
    • Targets of Change:
      • Human Resources (training, socializing, changing norms and values)
      • Functional Resources (changing structure, technology, and culture)
      • Technological Capabilities (e.g., IBM's restructuring)
    • Career Planning: a deliberate process of self-awareness, acquiring information, and establishing action plans to attain specific goals.
    • Talent Management:
      • Attraction, selection, and retention of employees
      • Proper job analysis and selection procedures
      • Managing turnovers
    • Strategies to Retain Talent:
      • Exit Interviews
      • Convincing employees to stay
      • Realistic Job Previews
      • Raising pay and providing benefits
      • Career development and flexibility
      • Counteroffers

    Motivation Theories

    • Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
    • Job Characteristics Theory
    • ERG Theory
    • Self-determination Theory
    • Autonomy, Relatedness, and Competence are key aspects of motivation

    Conclusions about Theories of Organization

    • The trend in organizational theory follows the general trend of Psychology, shifting from mechanistic to humanistic and back to a balanced approach

    Organizational Structure and Culture

    • Organizational Structure refers to the arrangement of positions and authority relationships among them
    • Elements of Organizational Structure: division of labor, delegation of authority, and span of control

    Classical Theory

    • Proposed by Max Weber, it emphasizes formal hierarchy, division of labor, and clear operating procedures
    • Principles of Bureaucracy: division of labor, delegation of authority, structure, and span of control
    • Classical Theory assumes a "right" structure for an organization, ignoring concepts like participation, personality, and leadership style

    Criticism of Classical Theory

    • Assumes one best configuration for an organization, which is not always the case
    • Ignores the impact of members' behavior on the organization
    • Overlooks leaders, followers, conflicts, and politics in organizations

    Human Relations Theory

    • Adds a personal element to the study of organizations, considering interrelationships between organizational requirements and member characteristics
    • McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y and Argyris' Growth Perspective are key aspects of Human Relations Theory

    McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y

    • Theory X: managers believe subordinates must be controlled to meet organizational goals
    • Theory Y: managers believe subordinates are active and responsible, and motivation comes from within

    The Growth Perspective of Argyris

    • Growth is a natural and healthy experience for individuals
    • Organizations that aid growth will prosper, while those that inhibit growth will not

    Human Relations Theory - Evaluation

    • Aligns organizational and individual goals, but may not be applicable to all environments or industries

    Motivation Theory

    • Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation are two types of motivation
    • Job Characteristics Theory, ERG Theory, and Self-determination Theory are related concepts
    • Autonomy, Relatedness, and Competence are key aspects of Self-determination Theory

    Organizational Structure and Culture

    • Organizational Structure refers to the arrangement of positions in an organization and their authority and responsibility relationships
    • Examples of Organizational Structure theories include McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y, and The Growth Perspective of Argyris

    McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y

    • Theory X managers believe that subordinate behavior must be controlled to meet organizational ends
    • Theory Y managers believe that subordinates are active and responsible and can be motivated to meet organizational goals without constraining controls

    The Growth Perspective of Argyris

    • Growth is a natural and healthy experience for individuals
    • Organizations that acknowledge and aid growth will prosper more than those that ignore or inhibit it
    • According to Argyris, individuals grow from passive to active, dependent to independent, requiring immediate to delayed gratification, and from concrete to abstract operations

    Human Relations Theory Evaluation

    • Alignment of organizational and individual goals is crucial
    • Workers may value social rewards and teamwork but not quality to the same extent as managers and strategic planners

    Contingency Theories

    • Contingency Theories imply that behavior must be selected to fit the particular circumstance
    • Lack of skill can be solved with training and development, while distrust can be resolved by addressing conflicting personalities or unclear objectives

    Organizational Theory and Structure

    • Different organizational theories include Classical Theory, Neoclassical Theory, Systems Theory, Contingency Theory, and Sociotechnical Theory
    • Each theory has its importance in relation to organizational structure, such as Classical Theory for traditional organizations and Neoclassical Theory for employee empowerment

    Motivation Theory

    • Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation are two types of motivation
    • Job Characteristics Theory, ERG Theory, and Self-determination Theory are related concepts
    • Autonomy, Relatedness, and Competence are key aspects of Self-determination Theory

    Organizational Structure and Culture

    • Organizational Structure refers to the arrangement of positions in an organization and their authority and responsibility relationships
    • Examples of Organizational Structure theories include McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y, and The Growth Perspective of Argyris

    McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y

    • Theory X managers believe that subordinate behavior must be controlled to meet organizational ends
    • Theory Y managers believe that subordinates are active and responsible and can be motivated to meet organizational goals without constraining controls

    The Growth Perspective of Argyris

    • Growth is a natural and healthy experience for individuals
    • Organizations that acknowledge and aid growth will prosper more than those that ignore or inhibit it
    • According to Argyris, individuals grow from passive to active, dependent to independent, requiring immediate to delayed gratification, and from concrete to abstract operations

    Human Relations Theory Evaluation

    • Alignment of organizational and individual goals is crucial
    • Workers may value social rewards and teamwork but not quality to the same extent as managers and strategic planners

    Contingency Theories

    • Contingency Theories imply that behavior must be selected to fit the particular circumstance
    • Lack of skill can be solved with training and development, while distrust can be resolved by addressing conflicting personalities or unclear objectives

    Organizational Theory and Structure

    • Different organizational theories include Classical Theory, Neoclassical Theory, Systems Theory, Contingency Theory, and Sociotechnical Theory
    • Each theory has its importance in relation to organizational structure, such as Classical Theory for traditional organizations and Neoclassical Theory for employee empowerment

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