Organizational Behavior: Culture and Work Redesign
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Questions and Answers

Why is a strong culture considered as a substitute for formalization?

  • All of the given (correct)
  • Strong culture allows core values to be widely shared
  • Strong culture needs less development of formal rules and regulations
  • Strong culture increases behavioral consistency

    • Which of the following is NOT a dysfunctional aspect of culture?

  • Barriers to Diversity
  • Barriers to Acquisition and Mergers
  • Barriers to Technology (correct)
  • Barriers to Change

    • When a group of workers report to their supervisor, this kind of authority is known as:

  • Functional Authority
  • None of the given
  • Staff Authority
  • Line Authority (correct)

    • In city hotel, housekeeping staff is not only responsible for cleaning rooms, vacuuming, and making beds, but also replacing burned out bulbs and restocking of mini bars. Which work redesign option is described above?

    <p>Job Enlargement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Performance Appraisal, we DO NOT evaluate:

    <p>Individual goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increasing the number of tasks and variety of tasks with no change in authority level of employee are characteristics of which work redesign option?

    <p>Job Enlargement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'appraisal'?

    <p>A system to evaluate employees performance over a given time period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An employee in the administrative department spent the first two days in customer dealing and inquiries, the next two days in handling the reception area, and entered data for the last day of the week. Which work redesign option describes the above situation?

    <p>Job Rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered an outcome of job analysis?

    <p>Job specification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The matrix structure combines which two forms of departmentalization?

    <p>Functional and product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following work redesign option described involves replacing burned out bulbs and restocking mini bars?

    <p>Job Enrichment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After failure in the market, if the top management of SOFTRINIX decides to change the size, structure, and functioning of the organization to achieve its objectives, what type of change is it an example of?

    <p>Planned change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step in Kurt Lewin’s three-step model for change?

    <p>Process evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an organization’s culture is ___________, the management needs to be less concerned about the development of formal rules and regulations to guide employee behavior.

    <p>Weaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A process that collects and illustrates aspects of a job and identifies the skills required to perform the job is:

    <p>Job Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered as a driving force of internal change?

    <p>Societal pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed a three-step model for change that included unfreezing, movement, and refreezing?

    <p>Kurt Lewin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ABC Company always adopts the latest technology and cutting-edge equipment to stay ahead in competition. This is an example of which type of change?

    <p>Anticipatory change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a work redesign option?

    <p>Job formalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Culture is most likely to be a liability when:

    <p>It increases the consistency of behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The change which is unforeseen and a result of an unanticipated event or a response to some outside influence refers to:

    <p>Unplanned change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following problems is most likely to occur in a matrix structure?

    <p>Employees receiving conflicting directives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    AMA Corporation is going to obtain the ownership and possession of another company to enhance its business volume. This process is termed as:

    <p>Acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method for collecting information for job analysis?

    <p>All of the given</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of Organizational Culture?

    <p>Sense-making device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statement defines individual-organizational fit?

    <p>Attitudes and behaviors of employee or applicant are compatible to organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HRM refers to which of the following activities?

    <p>All of the given</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The major objective of planned change in organizations is ____________.

    <p>All of the given</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms is part of the definition of a strong culture?

    <p>Deeply held values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Strong organizational culture puts considerable pressure on employees for conformity and limits the range of values. In such a way, strong culture is a liability as:

    <p>Barrier to diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which refers to the network of personal and social relations that is developed spontaneously between people associated with each other?

    <p>Informal organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cognitive process through which an individual selects, organizes, but misinterprets environmental stimuli is known as ______.

    <p>Selective Perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The more consistent a behavior, the more the observer is inclined to ___.

    <p>Attribute it to internal causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People with which type of personality trait commonly make poor decisions because they make them too fast?

    <p>Type As</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an environmental force that shapes personality?

    <p>Experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Factors other than satisfaction that impact one’s decision to leave a current job include all of the following EXCEPT:

    <p>Organizational citizenship behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hanif's approach to his job problem, where he believes conditions will improve if he waits, is termed as:

    <p>Loyalty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sadaf has a low absenteeism rate, takes responsibility for her health, and has good health habits. She is likely to have a(n):

    <p>Internal locus of control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory is proposed by Clayton Alderfer?

    <p>ERG Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a bank robber points a gun at a bank employee, his base of power is:

    <p>Coercive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain why teams are popular.

    <p>Teams are popular as they are a way to better utilize employee talents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What quality is not found in work groups?

    <p>Synergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results in a level of performance greater than the sum of individual inputs?

    <p>Synergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not one of the most common types of teams?

    <p>Interdepartmental</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of team meets to discuss ways to improve quality, efficiency, and the work environment?

    <p>Problem-solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of team would most likely empower its team members to make work-related decisions?

    <p>Self-managed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of teams are made up of employees from about the same hierarchical level?

    <p>Cross-functional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conflicts are almost always dysfunctional?

    <p>Relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conflict stimulation technique involves bringing in outsiders?

    <p>Bringing in outsiders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-managed teams are typically comprised of how many members?

    <p>10-15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The theory which attempts to determine whether an individual's behavior is internally or externally caused is called:

    <p>Attribution Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mr. Ahmed is influenced by Mr. Ali because he is attractive and has desirable resources or personal characteristics. Which of the following sources of power is exhibited by Mr. Ali?

    <p>Referent power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of Group Development?

    <p>Meeting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ALL of the following are perception shortcuts EXCEPT:

    <p>Consensus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The application of negative consequences or the withdrawal of positive consequences to reduce the likelihood of repetition of that same behavior is known as:

    <p>Punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Robert Katz identified three essential skills that managers need to have in order to reach their goals. What are these skills?

    <p>Technical, human, and conceptual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A national culture characteristic describing the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them is called what?

    <p>Uncertainty Avoidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Difficulty in expressing emotions by an individual and understanding others' emotions is termed as:

    <p>Alexithymia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive Mood includes all the following feelings EXCEPT:

    <p>Hostility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tendency to be sociable, outspoken, and friendly is known as:

    <p>Extroversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an individual factor related to political behavior?

    <p>Organizational investment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mr. Fahad's one-day salary was deducted because of his uninformed leave, as he was already warned about this behavior. It is an example of which method of shaping behaviors?

    <p>Punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Values are important to organizational behavior because they:

    <p>Form the supporting foundation for the study of ethics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Asifa telephones her mother to inform her that she will come late from college because of late practical. In this communication process, the telephone is the:

    <p>Medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mr. Ehsan, Manager ABC Company found that the skills of workers and machinery used by them as compared to the competitors in the market are obsolete within a year. What type of challenge is ABC Company facing?

    <p>Rapid Pace of Change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Decrease in tenure can increase which of the following?

    <p>Absenteeism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between what one perceives and objective reality?

    <p>They can be substantially different</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Every cricketer of Pakistan values the advice of Wasim Akram. He has which of the following power?

    <p>Expert power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Political behaviors usually ____________________.

    <p>Lie outside of an individual’s specified job requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Manager praised Mr. Waqar for best performance and announced a bonus of Rs.8000 for him. This is an example of which method of shaping behavior?

    <p>Positive Reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is NOT implied in the definition of power?

    <p>Actualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Questionnaire is used in which of the following OD techniques for bringing change?

    <p>Survey Feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is consistent with efforts to reduce costs, speed up decision-making, increase flexibility, and empower employees?

    <p>Wider span of control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can be used in shaping behavior?

    <p>Positive reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A permanent change that occurs in behavior due to experience is known as:

    <p>Learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two parties eventually agree to ask Mr. Qureshi, an attorney and trusted friend, to help them informally to solve their problem. Mr. Qureshi is playing which of the following roles?

    <p>Conciliator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which source of power depends on fear?

    <p>Coercive power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Miss Manaal, HR Executive of XYZ company, rejected all those candidates who graduated from ABC University. It is an example of:

    <p>Stereotyping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Today’s managers understand that the success of any effort at improving quality and productivity must include _____.

    <p>Employee’s participation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following leadership behaviors are identified by the path-goal theory?

    <p>Participative, achievement-oriented, directive, and supportive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of the conflict process does conflict become visible?

    <p>Behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sort of goals does Management By Objectives (MBO) emphasize?

    <p>Tangible, verifiable, and measurable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would be least likely to pose a barrier to cross-cultural communications?

    <p>Cultural diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Resistance is the consequence of ___________

    <p>Coercive power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An individual most likely to engage in political behavior would have all of the following except a/an:

    <p>Internal locus of control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In courtrooms which conflict handling style mostly comes under observation?

    <p>Competing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mr. Hassan always lets his subordinates know about expectations from them, schedules work, and provides specific guidance. He can be termed as:

    <p>Directive leader</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The conflict that a mother feels between being a friend to their children and also being a disciplinarian explains which of the following type of conflict?

    <p>Interrole Conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The consequence of Legitimate and Reward power is_________

    <p>Compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Saad comes to you with a request for funds for a project. He reminds you that company policy supports his position. He is using the tactic of:

    <p>Legitimacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A structure that creates dual lines of authority and combines functional and product departmentalization is known as:

    <p>Matrix Structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The degree to which certain tasks are subdivided in separate jobs in an organization is referred to as:

    <p>Work Specialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a leader-follower dyad, individuals who belong to the in-group have:

    <p>High-quality relation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regarding the role of personality traits in negotiations, which of the following statements is true?

    <p>Individuals with an internal locus of control are better negotiators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process refers to attempting to determine the causes of others’ behavior?

    <p>Attribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy can help avoid moving from arguments to aggression in a disagreement or conflict?

    <p>Centering arguments on issues rather than on personalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of communication?

    <p>Satisfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a trait of a manager?

    <p>Challenging Status Quo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conflict type is Zahid most likely experiencing if his duties interfere with each other?

    <p>Role conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Organizational Behavior

    Culture and Formalization

    • Strong culture is considered a substitute for formalization because it allows for core values to be widely shared, and it needs less development of formal rules and regulations.
    • Strong culture increases behavioral consistency.

    Work Redesign

    • Job enlargement involves increasing the number of tasks and variety of tasks with no change in authority level.
    • Job enrichment involves vertical expansion of tasks, skill variety, autonomy, and feedback.
    • Job rotation involves shifting employees to different jobs to provide a wider range of experiences and to prevent boredom.

    Performance Appraisal

    • Performance appraisal is a system to evaluate employees' performance over a given time period.
    • Performance evaluations are used to improve employee performance, but not to determine employees' wages and salaries.

    Job Analysis

    • Job analysis is a process that collects and illustrates aspects of a job and identifies the skills required to perform the job.
    • Outcomes of job analysis include job description, job specification, and job evaluation.

    Organizational Structure

    • A matrix structure combines functional and product departmentalization.
    • A bureaucracy is characterized by formalized rules and regulations, decentralized decision-making, and highly routine operating tasks.
    • A simple structure is characterized by high centralization, standardization, and low employee discretion.

    Change Management

    • Total quality management and socio-technical theory are main instruments for incremental change.
    • Planned change is a deliberate and systematic approach to achieve organizational objectives.
    • Radical change involves a significant transformation in the organization's culture, strategy, or structure.

    Career Development

    • Effective career development has phases, including the direction phase, assessment phase, and development phase.
    • A lateral skill path involves moving an individual to a different job or position within the same salary range and level.

    Recruitment

    • Recruitment is a process by which companies find new employees.
    • Recruitment is not a technique for reducing the labor supply within an organization.

    Leadership and Power

    • Legitimate power is the authority granted to a person by virtue of their position or role.
    • Referent power is the ability to influence others based on their liking, admiration, or respect.
    • Coercive power is the ability to influence others through the use of force or punishment.

    Conflict Resolution

    • Mediation involves an impartial third party facilitating creative problem-solving through communication and analysis.
    • Arbitration involves an impartial third party making a binding decision.

    Departmentalization

    • Geographic departmentalization involves dividing the organization into different regions or zones.
    • Functional departmentalization involves dividing the organization into different functional areas, such as marketing, finance, and production.
    • Product departmentalization involves dividing the organization into different product lines or categories.### Conflict Management
    • Galatea effect: Adil and bank manager agree on a win-win solution, involving a guarantee, to ensure payment. (Example of integrative negotiation)
    • Conflict resolution techniques: avoiding, accommodating, compromising, and collaborating.

    Leadership Theories

    • Path-goal theory of leadership: developed by Robert House
    • Leader-follower dyad: individuals in an in-group have a high-quality relationship, while those in an out-group have a low-quality relationship
    • Categories of leadership behaviors:
      • Supportive behavior: concerned about the needs of employees
      • Achievement-oriented behavior: sets high goals, emphasizes quality, and shows confidence in subordinates
      • Participative behavior: involves employees in decision-making
      • Work facilitation behavior: helps employees to accomplish their tasks

    Power and Influence

    • Bases of power: coercive, reward, legitimate, expert, and referent
    • Consequences of power: compliance, commitment, and resistance

    Organizational Structure

    • Departmentalization: grouping jobs into units based on function, product, customer, or geography
    • Types of organizational structures:
      • Mechanistic structure: clear chain of command, narrow spans of control, and direct supervision
      • Organic structure: flexible and adaptive, with a focus on innovation and teamwork

    Negotiation and Communication

    • Negotiation process: preparation and planning, clarification and justification, bargaining and problem-solving, and closure and implementation
    • Conflict handling styles:
      • Avoiding: unassertive and uncooperative
      • Accommodating: unassertive and cooperative
      • Competing: assertive and uncooperative
      • Compromising: intermediate in both assertiveness and cooperativeness
      • Collaborating: assertive and cooperative

    Attitudes and Perception

    • Components of an attitude: cognitive, affective, and behavioral
    • Sources of power: expert, referent, and legitimate
    • Basis of trust: reliance-based, knowledge-based, dependence-based, and identity-based### Leadership and Management
    • A manager requires to discourage self-interest while managing political behaviors in an organization.
    • Impression management technique includes self-promotion, where an individual highlights their achievements to create a positive impression.

    Power and Influence

    • There are six sources of power: legitimate, reward, coercive, expert, referent, and informational.
    • Reward power is the ability to influence others by offering them something they want.
    • Coercive power is the ability to influence others by punishing or threatening them.
    • Expert power is based on a person's knowledge, skills, and expertise.
    • Referent power is based on a person's personality, charisma, and attractiveness.

    Conflict and Negotiation

    • The interactionist view believes that a leader must maintain a minimum level of conflict to keep the group viable, creative, and self-critical.
    • Coercive power leads to resistance in conflict situations.
    • Distributive bargaining is a win-lose approach, where one party tries to maximize its gains at the expense of the other party.

    Leadership Theories

    • The path-goal theory proposes that a leader's style should be adapted to the situation and the followers.
    • The contingency theory proposes that a leader's style should be adapted to the situation and the followers.
    • The Fiedler contingency model proposes that a leader's style should be matched with the situation to achieve effective group performance.

    Teamwork and Communication

    • A cross-functional team is a temporary team composed of employees from different departments and functions.
    • Self-managed work teams are teams that are responsible for managing their own work processes and decisions.
    • Communication is the process of exchanging information and meaning between individuals or groups.

    Organizational Behavior

    • Equity theory proposes that individuals compare their inputs and outcomes with those of others to determine fairness.
    • Attribution theory proposes that individuals attribute causes to events and behaviors to understand them.
    • Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information from the environment.

    Human Resource Management

    • Robert Katz identified three essential skills that managers need to have: technical, human, and conceptual.
    • The Fiedler model proposes that a leader's style should be matched with the situation to achieve effective group performance.
    • The path-goal theory proposes that a leader's style should be adapted to the situation and the followers.

    Organizational Culture

    • National culture characteristics, such as uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and individualism, influence organizational behavior.
    • Organizational culture is the system of shared values, beliefs, and assumptions that govern how people behave in an organization.

    Motivation and Job Design

    • A motivating job is one that is characterized by autonomy, skill variety, task identity, and feedback.
    • Job enlargement involves adding more tasks to a job, while job enrichment involves adding more responsibilities and autonomy to a job.

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    This quiz covers the concepts of organizational culture, formalization, and work redesign, including job enlargement and enrichment.

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