Questions and Answers
What is the general equation for substitution reactions?
Which type of reduction reaction uses a metal catalyst to add hydrogen?
What is the general equation for addition reactions?
What is the general equation for oxidation reactions?
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Which type of elimination reaction involves a carbocation intermediate?
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What is the general equation for elimination reactions?
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Study Notes
Organic Reactions
Substitution Reactions
- Involve replacement of a leaving group (LG) with a nucleophile (Nu)
- General equation: R-LG + Nu- → R-Nu + LG
- Types:
- SN1 (unimolecular nucleophilic substitution): involves formation of a carbocation intermediate
- SN2 (bimolecular nucleophilic substitution): involves a concerted mechanism with a transition state
Reduction Reactions
- Involve the addition of hydrogen or the removal of oxygen
- General equation: R-X + [H] → R-H + X-H
- Types:
- Catalytic hydrogenation: uses a metal catalyst to add hydrogen
- Chemical reduction: uses a reducing agent (e.g. NaBH4, LiAlH4)
Addition Reactions
- Involve the addition of a molecule to a multiple bond (e.g. alkene or alkyne)
- General equation: R-R' + X-Y → R-X-R'-Y
- Types:
- Electrophilic addition: involves an electrophile (e.g. HCl, Br2)
- Nucleophilic addition: involves a nucleophile (e.g. water, ammonia)
Oxidation Reactions
- Involve the addition of oxygen or the removal of hydrogen
- General equation: R-H + [O] → R-OH
- Types:
- Oxidation with oxygen: uses oxygen or an oxidizing agent (e.g. KMnO4, CrO3)
- Oxidation with halogens: uses a halogen (e.g. Cl2, Br2)
Elimination Reactions
- Involve the removal of a leaving group to form a multiple bond
- General equation: R-X → R=Y + X-H
- Types:
- E1 (unimolecular elimination): involves a carbocation intermediate
- E2 (bimolecular elimination): involves a concerted mechanism with a transition state
Organic Reactions
Substitution Reactions
- Leaving group (LG) is replaced with a nucleophile (Nu)
- General equation: R-LG + Nu- → R-Nu + LG
- SN1 (unimolecular nucleophilic substitution): involves a carbocation intermediate, rate-determining step is the formation of the intermediate
- SN2 (bimolecular nucleophilic substitution): involves a concerted mechanism with a transition state, rate-determining step is the formation of the product
Reduction Reactions
- Involve the addition of hydrogen or the removal of oxygen
- General equation: R-X + [H] → R-H + X-H
- Catalytic hydrogenation: uses a metal catalyst to add hydrogen, often uses Pd, Pt, or Ni as catalysts
- Chemical reduction: uses a reducing agent (e.g. NaBH4, LiAlH4), reducing agents can be specific to certain functional groups
Addition Reactions
- Involve the addition of a molecule to a multiple bond (e.g. alkene or alkyne)
- General equation: R-R' + X-Y → R-X-R'-Y
- Electrophilic addition: involves an electrophile (e.g. HCl, Br2), electrophile attacks the π bond
- Nucleophilic addition: involves a nucleophile (e.g. water, ammonia), nucleophile attacks the π bond
Oxidation Reactions
- Involve the addition of oxygen or the removal of hydrogen
- General equation: R-H + [O] → R-OH
- Oxidation with oxygen: uses oxygen or an oxidizing agent (e.g. KMnO4, CrO3), often used to form aldehydes or ketones
- Oxidation with halogens: uses a halogen (e.g. Cl2, Br2), often used to form halohydrins
Elimination Reactions
- Involve the removal of a leaving group to form a multiple bond
- General equation: R-X → R=Y + X-H
- E1 (unimolecular elimination): involves a carbocation intermediate, rate-determining step is the formation of the intermediate
- E2 (bimolecular elimination): involves a concerted mechanism with a transition state, rate-determining step is the formation of the product
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Test your knowledge of organic reactions, including substitution and reduction reactions, their types, and mechanisms.