Organic Reactions

Questions and Answers

R-X + [H] → R-H + X-H

R-R' + X-Y → R-X-R'-Y

R-LG + Nu- → R-Nu + LG (correct)

R-H + [O] → R-OH

Electrophilic addition

Catalytic hydrogenation (correct)

Chemical reduction

Nucleophilic addition

R-X + [H] → R-H + X-H

R-LG + Nu- → R-Nu + LG

R-R' + X-Y → R-X-R'-Y (correct)

R-H + [O] → R-OH

R-H + [O] → R-OH Signup and view all the answers

E1 (unimolecular elimination) Signup and view all the answers

R-X → R=Y + X-H Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Involve replacement of a leaving group (LG) with a nucleophile (Nu)
General equation: R-LG + Nu- → R-Nu + LG
Types:
- SN1 (unimolecular nucleophilic substitution): involves formation of a carbocation intermediate
- SN2 (bimolecular nucleophilic substitution): involves a concerted mechanism with a transition state

Involve the addition of hydrogen or the removal of oxygen
General equation: R-X + [H] → R-H + X-H
Types:
- Catalytic hydrogenation: uses a metal catalyst to add hydrogen
- Chemical reduction: uses a reducing agent (e.g. NaBH4, LiAlH4)

Involve the addition of a molecule to a multiple bond (e.g. alkene or alkyne)
General equation: R-R' + X-Y → R-X-R'-Y
Types:
- Electrophilic addition: involves an electrophile (e.g. HCl, Br2)
- Nucleophilic addition: involves a nucleophile (e.g. water, ammonia)

Involve the addition of oxygen or the removal of hydrogen
General equation: R-H + [O] → R-OH
Types:
- Oxidation with oxygen: uses oxygen or an oxidizing agent (e.g. KMnO4, CrO3)
- Oxidation with halogens: uses a halogen (e.g. Cl2, Br2)

Involve the removal of a leaving group to form a multiple bond
General equation: R-X → R=Y + X-H
Types:
- E1 (unimolecular elimination): involves a carbocation intermediate
- E2 (bimolecular elimination): involves a concerted mechanism with a transition state

Leaving group (LG) is replaced with a nucleophile (Nu)
General equation: R-LG + Nu- → R-Nu + LG
SN1 (unimolecular nucleophilic substitution): involves a carbocation intermediate, rate-determining step is the formation of the intermediate
SN2 (bimolecular nucleophilic substitution): involves a concerted mechanism with a transition state, rate-determining step is the formation of the product

Involve the addition of hydrogen or the removal of oxygen
General equation: R-X + [H] → R-H + X-H
Catalytic hydrogenation: uses a metal catalyst to add hydrogen, often uses Pd, Pt, or Ni as catalysts
Chemical reduction: uses a reducing agent (e.g. NaBH4, LiAlH4), reducing agents can be specific to certain functional groups

Involve the addition of a molecule to a multiple bond (e.g. alkene or alkyne)
General equation: R-R' + X-Y → R-X-R'-Y
Electrophilic addition: involves an electrophile (e.g. HCl, Br2), electrophile attacks the π bond
Nucleophilic addition: involves a nucleophile (e.g. water, ammonia), nucleophile attacks the π bond

Involve the addition of oxygen or the removal of hydrogen
General equation: R-H + [O] → R-OH
Oxidation with oxygen: uses oxygen or an oxidizing agent (e.g. KMnO4, CrO3), often used to form aldehydes or ketones
Oxidation with halogens: uses a halogen (e.g. Cl2, Br2), often used to form halohydrins

Involve the removal of a leaving group to form a multiple bond
General equation: R-X → R=Y + X-H
E1 (unimolecular elimination): involves a carbocation intermediate, rate-determining step is the formation of the intermediate
E2 (bimolecular elimination): involves a concerted mechanism with a transition state, rate-determining step is the formation of the product