Organic Pollutants and Their Effects Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of surfactants/detergents in rivers and lakes?

  • Act as pesticides
  • Decrease solubility of organic compounds
  • Act as insulators
  • Increase solubility of organic compounds (correct)

    • Which of these is true about PCBs according to the text?

  • They are used as pesticides
  • They are non-toxic substances
  • They have low distribution coefficients
  • They can stay in the environment for more than 100 years (correct)

    • What is the significance of the left and right in the nomenclature of PCBs?

  • Both sides represent the year of synthesis
  • Prime side determines toxicity level
  • Right side indicates the number of carbons in the compound
  • Left side indicates the percent chlorine by weight (correct)

    • What causes the ozone hole according to the text?

    <p>Chlorinated hydrocarbons and acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance among the mentioned '12 dirties' can cause thinning of the ozone layer?

    <p>Aldrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of products are formed from burning chlorinated products according to the text?

    <p>Highly toxic dioxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a natural source of Polychlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)?

    <p>Volcanic eruptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dyes require mordants for application and suffer from low color fastness?

    <p>Azo dyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the cancer-inducing effects of tobacco smoking according to the text?

    <p>Polychlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of colorants are commonly used in staining but have poor resistance to light and chemical bleaching?

    <p>Triphenylmethane dyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can Methyl orange be synthesized according to the text?

    <p>By coupling with hydronium and amino groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), Dioxins, and Dibenzofurans?

    <p>Classification as organic pollutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a property of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)?

    <p>They can cause alkylation and intercalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using anthracene in wood?

    <p>To prevent termite attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the cancer-inducing effects of tobacco smoking?

    <p>Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a natural dye that requires no pretreatment?

    <p>Both b and c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of synthetic dyes over natural dyes?

    <p>They have more consistent hues and high fastness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a mordant in dyeing?

    <p>To help the dye bond with fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use of PCBs?

    <p>In food packaging materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is considered the most toxic dioxin?

    <p>TCDD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do PCBs enter the body?

    <p>By inhalation or dermal contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the first two digits in the nomenclature of PCBs represent?

    <p>Number of carbons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is a source of environmental contamination of Dioxins?

    <p>Combustion processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of contamination by PCBs?

    <p>Food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structural feature characterizes the MC Type PCBs?

    <p>Presence of at least 2 chlorines at the ortho position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic makes PCBs resistant to oxidation?

    <p>Low aqueous solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are Dioxins accidentally synthesized?

    <p>Burning of chlorinated carbons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category does not represent a usage category of PCBs?

    <p>Industrial processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most toxic dioxin among the mentioned substances?

    <p>TCDD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is commonly used as an insulator or lubricant?

    <p>PCBs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What category did 90% of PCBs fall into in the US in 1971?

    <p>Controllable Closed System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the natural source of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)?

    <p>Volcanic eruptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of action does 2,3,7,8-TCDD use to cause toxicity?

    <p>Binding to aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do dioxins and furans accumulate in the body?

    <p>Adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main target organ affected by dioxins?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is NOT among the identified 'dirties' under the Stockholm Convention and Montreal Protocol?

    <p>Endrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substances are most likely to cause skin cancer due to thinning of the ozone layer?

    <p>PCBs and Dioxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property makes PCB congeners with chlorine in non-ortho positions more toxic?

    <p>Presence of chlorine substituents in particular positions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for using Anthracene in wood?

    <p>To prevent termite attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the properties of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) with respect to water?

    <p>They attach strongly to soil and other particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason behind the cancer-inducing effects of tobacco smoking according to the text?

    <p>Exposure to PAHs, especially benzo(a)anthracene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are Dyes different from Pigments in terms of solubility?

    <p>Dyes are soluble in water and organic solvents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of Dyes is based on the interaction of organic molecules like aniline and benzene?

    <p>Azo Dyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are Triphenylmethane Dyes used without consideration of light fastness?

    <p>They have multiple pi bonds that make them easily degraded by light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of environmental contamination of PCBs?

    <p>Food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the resistance of PCBs to oxidation?

    <p>Use reduction followed by oxidation through microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a property of PCBs that contributes to their higher solubility in fatty tissue?

    <p>High partition coefficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a source of dioxins?

    <p>Chemical processes involving chlorine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most toxic dioxin compound mentioned in the text?

    <p>2,3,7,8-TCDD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a chronic effect of dioxin exposure?

    <p>Induction of microsomal enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary target organ for the toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-TCDD?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a natural source of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)?

    <p>Volcanic eruptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of mutation caused by the planar structure of certain PCB congeners?

    <p>Intercalation, leading to deletions of certain codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a property of the 2,3,7,8-TCDD dioxin compound?

    <p>Low partition coefficient (Kow) of 6.8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Organic Pollutants

    • All organic substances are toxic
    • Types of organic pollutants:
      • Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
      • Dioxins and Dibenzofurans
      • Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
      • Surfactants/Detergents
      • Pesticides

    Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

    • Commonly used as insulators or lubricants
    • Sources of environmental contamination:
      • Open burning or incomplete combustion of PCB-containing solid waste
      • Vaporization of PCBs in open applications
      • Accidental spills or leakages
      • Disposal into sewage systems
      • Food (main source of contamination)
    • Nomenclature: 4-digit code, first two digits represent the number of carbons, and the last two digits represent the percentage of chlorine by mass
    • Toxicity: acute and chronic effects, including chloracne, cancer, and biochemical changes
    • Physiochemical properties:
      • Low aqueous solubility
      • Non-flammability
      • Resistance to oxidation
      • Resistance to hydrolysis
      • Low electrical conductivity
      • LogKOW ranges from 3.76 to 6.38

    Dioxins

    • Usually accidentally synthesized as byproducts
    • Sources of environmental contamination:
      • Chemical processes involving chlorine
      • Combustion processes
      • Biocompost and sludges
    • Most toxic dioxin: 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo[1,4]dioxin (TCDD)
    • Physiochemical properties:
      • Similar to PCBs
      • LogKOW of 6.8
    • Toxicity: acute and chronic effects, including chloracne, cancer, and immunotoxicity
    • Mechanism of toxic action: binds to aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)

    Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

    • Natural sources: volcanic eruptions, natural petroleum, fires
    • Anthropogenic sources: petroleum spills, wood burning, incinerations, cigarette smoke, coking plants
    • Common PAHs: anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, naphthalene
    • Uses: pigments (water insoluble) and dyes (water soluble)
    • Toxicity: immunosuppressant, carcinogenic, and mutagenic
    • Physiochemical properties:
      • Low aqueous solubility
      • Non-flammability
      • Resistance to oxidation
      • Resistance to hydrolysis
      • Low electrical conductivity
      • LogKOW ranges from 3.36 to 6.04

    Dyes

    • Colored organic compounds
    • Classification:
      • Based on source: natural, synthetic
      • Based on structure: azo, triphenylmethane, phthalein
    • Uses: pigments (water insoluble) and dyes (water soluble)
    • Examples: anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, naphthalene

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    Test your knowledge on organic pollutants and their harmful effects on the environment. Explore topics like Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Dioxins, Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons, Pesticides, and Surfactants/Detergents. Learn about the impact of these substances on rivers, lakes, and ecosystems.

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