Questions and Answers
What makes a molecule organic?
What atoms are present in carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and nucleic acids?
What structural group do amino acids have in common?
carboxyl group, r group, amino group
What is the difference between an unsaturated fat and a saturated fat?
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What are the three simple sugars of carbohydrates?
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What is an isomer?
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What is the bond between two carbohydrate molecules called?
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What do we call two simple sugars bonded together?
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What makes sucrose?
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What makes lactose?
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What makes maltose?
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Which polysaccharide can humans not digest?
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What are the four groups of lipids?
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Lipids are what type of molecule?
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What chemical reaction bonds three fatty acids to glycerol to form a triglyceride?
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What does 'amphi' mean?
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What two sides does a phospholipid have?
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What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic and hydrophilic?
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What are the male and female steroids?
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What do a carboxyl group and an amino group make?
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What are the four parts of an amino acid?
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What does 'polypeptide' mean?
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What are the four levels of protein structure?
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What are the three parts of a nucleic acid?
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What reactions build DNA and RNA?
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What are bonds between nucleotides called?
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Are DNA strands parallel?
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Study Notes
Organic Molecules
- Organic molecules are characterized by the presence of carbon atoms.
Atoms in Biological Macromolecules
- Carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and nucleic acids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Amino acids also contain nitrogen, and nucleic acids include phosphorus.
Amino Acids Structure
- Amino acids share a common structure comprising a carboxyl group, an R group (side chain), and an amino group.
Saturated vs Unsaturated Fats
- Saturated fats contain the maximum number of carbon atoms while unsaturated fats have fewer carbon-carbon bonds.
Simple Sugars in Carbohydrates
- The three primary simple sugars (monosaccharides) are glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Isomers
- Isomers are molecules that share the same chemical formula but differ in their structural arrangement.
Carbohydrate Bonding
- The bond between two carbohydrate molecules is known as a glycosidic linkage.
Simple Sugars Combination
- Two simple sugars bonded together form a disaccharide.
Formation of Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose
- Sucrose is formed from glucose and fructose.
- Lactose consists of glucose and galactose.
- Maltose is made up of two glucose molecules.
Indigestible Polysaccharides
- Humans cannot digest cellulose, a common polysaccharide.
Lipid Classification
- Four major types of lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and fatty acids.
Nature of Lipids
- Lipids are classified as nonpolar molecules.
Triglyceride Formation
- A triglyceride forms through an ester linkage, bonding three fatty acids to glycerol.
Phospholipid Structure
- Phospholipids possess a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail, emphasizing their dual nature.
Steroid Classification
- The primary male hormone is testosterone, while estrogen is the principal female hormone.
Peptide Bond Formation
- A carboxyl group and an amino group interact to create a peptide bond.
Amino Acid Components
- Each amino acid consists of an amino group, a central carbon atom, an R side chain, and a carboxyl group.
Definition of Polypeptide
- A polypeptide is defined as a chain of amino acids linked by many peptide bonds.
Levels of Protein Structure
- Proteins have four structural levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
Nucleic Acid Components
- Nucleic acids consist of three parts: a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
DNA and RNA Synthesis
- DNA and RNA are synthesized through a process known as dehydration synthesis.
Nucleotide Bonding
- Bonds connecting nucleotides in nucleic acids are called phosphodiester bonds.
DNA Strand Orientation
- DNA strands are oriented in an antiparallel fashion, meaning they run in opposite directions.
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Description
Test your knowledge on organic molecules, biological macromolecules, and their structures. This quiz covers topics such as amino acids, carbohydrate bonding, and fat types. Challenge yourself to understand the role of carbon and isomers in biology!
