Questions and Answers
What is an organic compound?
All contain carbon, produced by/occur naturally in organisms.
What is an inorganic compound?
Typically do not contain carbon; examples include water, salts, minerals.
What are hydrocarbons?
Simplest organic compounds made up of only hydrogen and carbon.
What are substituted hydrocarbons?
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What are the six most common elements found in organic compounds?
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What are biological macromolecules?
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What are monomers?
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What are polymers?
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What are the four major groups of biological macromolecules?
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What are carbohydrates composed of?
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What is a monosaccharide?
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What is an isomer?
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What are disaccharides?
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What is dehydration synthesis?
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What is hydrolysis?
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What are polysaccharides?
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What are the types of polysaccharides?
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What is starch?
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What is cellulose?
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What is glycogen?
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What is chitin?
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What do proteins contain?
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What are amino acids?
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What is a carboxyl group?
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What is an amine group?
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What is a replacement group?
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What are polypeptides?
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What is a dipeptide?
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What is a peptide bond?
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What are fibrous proteins?
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What are globular proteins?
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What are enzymes?
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What is a substrate?
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What is the lock and key theory?
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What is an activated complex?
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What is denaturization?
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What do lipids contain?
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Study Notes
Organic Compounds
- Contain carbon and are produced naturally by organisms.
- Integral to various biological processes and structures.
Inorganic Compounds
- Generally do not contain carbon, e.g., water, salts, minerals.
Hydrocarbons
- Simplicity defines them; composed only of hydrogen and carbon.
- Serve as foundational molecules in organic chemistry.
Substituted Hydrocarbons
- Hydrocarbons modified by elements other than hydrogen or carbon.
Common Elements in Organic Compounds
- Six primary elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur.
Biological Macromolecules
- Complex organic molecules with distinct functions in living organisms.
Monomers and Polymers
- Monomers are single unit building blocks.
- Polymers are long chains formed from monomers.
Major Groups of Biological Macromolecules
- Four main categories: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Primarily serve as energy sources; serve structural roles in some cases.
Monosaccharides
- Simplest form of carbohydrates; single-ringed sugars ending in -ose.
Isomers
- Molecules with identical molecular formulas but different structures, e.g., glucose vs. fructose (C6H12O6).
Disaccharides
- Formed through dehydration synthesis; consist of two ring structures.
Dehydration Synthesis
- Process of bonding monomers by removing water.
Hydrolysis
- The chemical reaction that breaks bonds between monomers by adding water.
Polysaccharides
- Formed from chains of monosaccharides; complex carbohydrates.
Types of Polysaccharides
- Include starch, cellulose, glycogen, and chitin.
Starch
- Storage form of excess sugar in plants, found in roots, stems, and leaves; uses alpha 1-4 linkages.
Cellulose
- Structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls; features beta 1-4 linkages, forming sheets through hydrogen bonding.
Glycogen
- Animal equivalent of starch for sugar storage in the liver, with a highly branched structure.
Chitin
- Tough structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of invertebrates, also contains nitrogen.
Proteins
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
- Functionally diverse: structural (hair, nails), reactive (hormones, antibodies, enzymes).
Amino Acids
- Building blocks of proteins; 20 different types exist.
Functional Groups in Amino Acids
- Carboxyl group (COOH) and amine group vary among different amino acids.
Polypeptides
- Chains of amino acids; referred to as proteins when they achieve specific structures, ranging from 50 to 100,000 amino acids.
Peptide Bond
- The bond that links amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
Types of Proteins
- Fibrous proteins: structural components (e.g., keratin, collagen).
- Globular proteins: involved in chemical reactivity (e.g., enzymes, hormones).
Enzymes
- Organic catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions without alteration.
- Lower activation energy and exhibit specificity based on their unique shapes.
Substrate
- The specific target on which an enzyme acts.
Lock and Key Theory
- Enzymes interact with particular substrates that fit their specific 3D shapes.
Activated Complex
- A temporary structure formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate.
Denaturation
- Loss of a protein's normal shape due to environmental changes (pH, temperature), rendering it unable to function.
Lipids
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; play critical roles in cellular structure and energy storage.
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Test your knowledge of organic macromolecules with these flashcards. Each card provides a key term along with its definition, helping you understand the characteristics and differences between organic and inorganic compounds. Perfect for students studying chemistry or related fields.