Saliva Quiz (ODS Learning Outcomes)

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of immunoglobulins in saliva?

Aid in the disposal of bacteria (correct)

Neutralize acids in the mouth

Break down starches into sugars

Destroy harmful bacteria by lysis

Which enzyme in saliva begins the breakdown of cooked starches?

Lysozyme

Lactoferrin

Phosphatase

Amylase (correct)

What role does lactoferrin play in saliva?

Increases viscosity of saliva

Binds free iron to inhibit bacterial metabolism (correct)

Promotes remineralization of dental caries

Destroys bacteria by breaking down their cell wall

Which waste product in saliva helps to neutralize acids?

Urea Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is shared by muco-proteins and glycoproteins in saliva?

Both provide a viscous consistency to saliva Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in saliva are part of the body's defense mechanism during inflammation?

White blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of phosphatase in saliva?

To aid in calculus formation and remineralization Signup and view all the answers

How do commensal bacterial cells contribute to oral health?

By occupying space to prevent pathogenic bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antibody in saliva is most effective in agglutinating bacteria?

IgA Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of ammonia in saliva?

Urea Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of saliva in the oral cavity?

Lubricating and protecting soft tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of sympathetic stimulation on salivary flow?

Reduces salivary flow Signup and view all the answers

Which ions are primarily responsible for maintaining pH levels in saliva?

Sodium and potassium Signup and view all the answers

How does saliva contribute to the digestion process?

By initiating the breakdown of cooked starches Signup and view all the answers

What can increase salivary flow?

Mastication Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of the glycoproteins in saliva?

Protecting against abrasion Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the salivary glands?

It enhances blood flow to the glands Signup and view all the answers

What gas component is found in higher levels in salivary glands and may relate to calculus formation?

Carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT reduce salivary flow?

Teething in babies Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Organic Components of Saliva

Immunoglobulins (Ig): IgA, IgG, IgM; clump bacteria (agglutination) for removal.
Enzymes:
- Lysozyme: destroys bacteria by disrupting their cell walls (lysis).
- Lactoferrin: binds iron, inhibiting bacterial metabolism.
- Lactoperoxidase: inhibits bacterial metabolism.
- Amylase: begins starch digestion.
- Ribonuclease: breaks down RNA.
- Phosphatase: involved in calculus formation and caries remineralization.
Mucin: Proteins providing saliva's viscosity/stickiness (2 types).
- Mucoproteins: >4% carbohydrate.
- Glycoproteins: <4% carbohydrate.
Waste Products: Byproducts of cell metabolism.
- Urea: neutralizes acids.
- Uric acid.
- Ammonia: formed from urea, raises pH.
Cells:
- Desquamated epithelial cells: replaced constantly.
- White blood cells: from gingival crevices; part of the body's defense.
- Commensal bacteria: coexist symbiotically to prevent pathogens.
Food Debris: Remains of ingested food.
Hormones:
- Estrogen and progesterone.

Inorganic Components of Saliva

Ions (mineral salts): maintain pH.
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Magnesium
- Chloride
- Fluoride
- Bicarbonate (buffer)
- Sulphate
- Hydrogen
Gas Components:
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
- Carbon dioxide (higher in salivary glands; possibly linked to calculus).

Functions of Saliva

Protection (salivary pellicle): Glycoproteins form a barrier to protect enamel from acid, lubricate and waterproof oral tissues. This helps protect against abrasion, aid speech and maintain healthy mucosa.
Cleansing: Serous saliva removes food and debris.
Buffering: Ions maintain pH unsuitable for bacterial growth.
Digestion: Amylase starts starch breakdown and assists in bolus formation.
Taste: Taste receptors detect soluble substances.
Antimicrobial: Proteins and Ig's destroy or prevent harmful bacteria.

Mechanism of Salivation

A reflex mechanism, triggered by stimuli like sight, smell, and taste.
Regulated by the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic).
- Sympathetic: reduces flow via vasoconstriction.
- Parasympathetic: increases flow via vasodilation.

Factors Affecting Salivary Flow

Increased Flow:
- Mastication
- Irritants
- Gingival conditions
- Hunger
- Smell/sight of food
- Teething
Reduced Flow:
- Drugs
- Diabetes
- Alcohol
- Fear
- Radiotherapy
- Surgery

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Description

Explore the various organic components of saliva, including immunoglobulins, enzymes, mucin, waste products, and cellular elements. This quiz will test your understanding of how these components contribute to oral health and bacteria management. Dive into the fascinating biochemistry of saliva and enhance your knowledge!