Organic Chemistry Reactions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of SN2 reactions?

  • They involve a backside attack by the nucleophile. (correct)
  • The rate of reaction depends solely on the nucleophile.
  • They produce only one stereoisomer.
  • They occur in multiple steps.

Which type of carbon does SN2 prefer for reactions?

  • Tertiary carbon
  • Less-substituted carbon (correct)
  • Quaternary carbon
  • Secondary carbon

What is the result of a nucleophile attacking a planar carbocation in an SN1 reaction?

  • Only one stereochemical product is formed.
  • A racemic mixture of products is produced. (correct)
  • Two chiral centers are created from one.
  • The reaction proceeds in a concerted mechanism.

What is the general formula for alcohols?

<p>ROH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of stronger oxidizing agents on primary alcohols?

<p>They can be oxidized to carboxylic acids. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism is characterized by a single concerted step and dependence on both the nucleophile and substrate concentration?

<p>SN2 mechanism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of stereo chemistry, what does the backside attack in SN2 reactions lead to?

<p>Inversion of stereochemistry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prefix is used for alcohols when they are not the highest priority functional group?

<p>Hydroxy- (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the equilibrium constant (Keq) represent in a chemical reaction?

<p>The ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of Gibbs free energy (DG), what signifies an endergonic reaction?

<p>DG &gt; 0 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes thermodynamic products?

<p>They have lower free energy than kinetic products. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Le Châtelier’s Principle state about a system at equilibrium?

<p>A stress applied to a system causes it to counteract the stress. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of temperature and heat, what is temperature a measure of?

<p>The average kinetic energy of particles in a substance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the reaction quotient (Qc), what is true when Q < Keq?

<p>The reaction will proceed forward to reach equilibrium. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an isolated system in thermodynamics?

<p>Exchanges neither matter nor energy with the environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to pH during respiration when carbon dioxide is blown off according to the bicarbonate buffer?

<p>pH decreases (becomes more basic) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vitamins is also known as phylloquinone?

<p>Vitamin K1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction occurs when a nucleophile attacks a carbonyl carbon?

<p>Nucleophilic addition reaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about ketones?

<p>They use the suffix –one in naming. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the reactivity of carbonyl compounds is false?

<p>All carbonyl compounds are less reactive than alkanes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a geminal diol?

<p>A compound formed when water adds to a carbonyl. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of ubiquinone in cellular processes?

<p>It acts as an electron acceptor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules would typically have a higher boiling point than equivalent alkanes?

<p>Aldehydes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In organic nomenclature, how are aldehydes typically indicated?

<p>By the suffix –al (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What order of reaction is approximated at very high substrate concentrations?

<p>Zero-order (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation represents a combustion reaction?

<p>CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) ® CO2 (g) + H2O (g) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of reaction is an atom or ion replaced by another in a compound?

<p>Single-Displacement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rate law given for the reaction aA + bB ® cC + dD?

<p>rate = k [A] [B] (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the decomposition reaction represented by 2HgO (s) ® 2Hg (l) + O2 (g)?

<p>Formation of liquid and gas products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is represented by 'k' in the Arrhenius equation?

<p>Rate constant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is commonly produced as a result of combustion reactions involving hydrocarbons?

<p>CO2 and H2O (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a combination reaction?

<p>Formation of one product from multiple reactants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of phenols contributes to their higher acidity compared to other alcohols?

<p>The ability of the aromatic ring to delocalize charge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a mesylate?

<p>A better leaving group for nucleophilic substitution reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carbon and what groups characterize an acetal?

<p>1° carbon with two –OR groups and an H atom (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do electron-withdrawing groups (EWG) have on the acidity of alcohols?

<p>They increase acidity by stabilizing negative charges (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about oxidation of phenols is true?

<p>Phenols can be oxidized to ketones by common oxidizing agents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of converting aldehydes or ketones into acetals or ketals?

<p>To protect them from further reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'deprotection' in the context of acetals and ketals?

<p>The process of converting acetals or ketals back to carbonyls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of carbon structure is required for a ketal?

<p>2° carbon with two –OR groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the atomic number represent in the atomic structure?

<p>Number of protons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding mass number is accurate?

<p>It is calculated as protons plus neutrons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In atomic structure, which term describes the weighted average of all isotopes of an element?

<p>Atomic weight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of the Rutherford model proposed in 1911?

<p>It failed to account for the stability of atoms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is atomic weight different from mass number?

<p>Atomic weight is an average based on isotopes, while mass number is a total count. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements has the highest atomic number?

<p>Oganesson (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which particle contributes no charge to an atom?

<p>Neutron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Rutherford model in atomic theory?

<p>It established the nucleus as the center of mass. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do protons and neutrons have in common?

<p>Both reside in the nucleus of an atom. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'isotope' refers to:

<p>Atoms of the same element with different neutron counts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best characterizes the electrons in an atom?

<p>They are negatively charged particles located outside the nucleus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of having more neutrons than protons in an atom?

<p>The atom is unstable and may be radioactive. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist first proposed a model of the atom that included a nucleus?

<p>Rutherford (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'atomic structure' encompass?

<p>The organization of protons, neutrons, and electrons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes atomic models over time?

<p>They increasingly incorporate quantum mechanics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Atomic Number (Z)

The number of protons in an atom's nucleus. It defines the element's identity.

Mass Number (A)

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. It represents the atom's total mass.

Atomic Weight

The weighted average of the masses of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element. It reflects the relative abundance of each isotope.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons. They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.

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Rutherford Model

A model of the atom proposed by Ernest Rutherford in 1911. It describes the atom as a dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons.

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Zero-Order Reaction

At very high substrate concentrations, the reaction rate becomes independent of substrate concentration.

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Combination Reaction

Two or more reactants combine to form a single product.

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Decomposition Reaction

A single reactant breaks down into two or more products.

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Combustion Reaction

A reaction involving rapid reaction with oxygen, often producing heat and light. Usually involves a hydrocarbon fuel.

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Single-Displacement Reaction

An atom or ion in a compound is replaced by another atom or ion.

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Rate of Reaction

The change in concentration of a reactant or product over time.

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Rate Law

An equation that relates the rate of reaction to the concentrations of reactants.

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Arrhenius Equation

An equation that relates the rate constant (k) of a reaction to temperature (T), activation energy (Ea), and a constant (A).

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What is an Equilibrium Constant (Keq)?

A value representing the ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium. It indicates the extent to which a reaction proceeds to completion, favoring either products or reactants.

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What is a Reaction Quotient (Qc)?

A measure of the relative amounts of products and reactants at any given time. It helps predict the direction of a reaction to reach equilibrium.

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How does Qc relate to Keq and Gibbs Free Energy (DG)?

If Qc < Keq, DG < 0: reaction proceeds forward to reach equilibrium, favoring product formation. If Qc = Keq, DG = 0: reaction is at equilibrium. If Qc > Keq, DG > 0: reaction proceeds backward to reach equilibrium, favoring reactant formation.

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What pure components are excluded from Keq?

Solids and liquids are excluded because their concentrations remain constant throughout the reaction.

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What is Le Châtelier's Principle?

A system at equilibrium will shift to relieve any applied stress by changing conditions to favor either product or reactant formation.

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How does Le Châtelier's Principle apply to the bicarbonate buffer system?

The system will shift to counteract changes in pH. Increased acidity (lower pH) will favor CO2 release, decreasing acidity. Increased alkalinity (higher pH) will favor CO2 trapping, decreasing alkalinity.

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What are Kinetic Products?

Products formed faster at lower temperatures, higher in free energy.

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What are Thermodynamic Products?

Products more stable and lower in free energy, formed slower but more spontaneously.

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SN2 Reaction

A one-step nucleophilic substitution reaction where the nucleophile attacks the electrophilic carbon at the same time as the leaving group departs. This results in inversion of stereochemistry.

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SN1 Reaction

A two-step nucleophilic substitution reaction involving the formation of a carbocation intermediate. The first step is the departure of the leaving group, and the second step is the attack of the nucleophile on the carbocation.

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E2 Reaction

A one-step elimination reaction where the base removes a proton and the leaving group departs simultaneously, forming a double bond.

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E1 Reaction

A two-step elimination reaction involving the formation of a carbocation intermediate. The first step is the departure of the leaving group, and the second step involves the removal of a proton by a base.

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Primary Alcohol

An alcohol where the -OH group is attached to a primary carbon (a carbon bonded to only one other carbon).

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Secondary Alcohol

An alcohol where the -OH group is attached to a secondary carbon (a carbon bonded to two other carbons).

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Tertiary Alcohol

An alcohol where the -OH group is attached to a tertiary carbon (a carbon bonded to three other carbons).

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Phenol

An aromatic compound with a hydroxyl (-OH) group directly attached to the benzene ring.

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What are alcohols?

Alcohols are organic compounds containing a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to a saturated carbon atom.

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What makes alcohols unique?

Alcohols exhibit hydrogen bonding, which increases their boiling and melting points compared to similar hydrocarbons.

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How are alcohols classified?

Alcohols are categorized based on the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon with the hydroxyl group: primary (1°), secondary (2°), tertiary (3°).

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What are phenols?

Phenols are compounds containing an -OH group directly attached to an aromatic ring.

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How do phenols differ from alcohols?

Phenols are more acidic than typical alcohols because the aromatic ring stabilizes the negative charge formed upon deprotonation.

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What are mesylates and tosylates?

Mesylates and tosylates are derivatives of alcohols formed by reacting with methanesulfonyl chloride (MsCl) or p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (TsCl), respectively.

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What are acetals and ketals?

Acetals and ketals are protected forms of aldehydes and ketones. Acetals have two OR groups attached to a primary carbon with an H atom, while ketals have two OR groups attached to a secondary carbon.

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What is deprotection?

Deprotection removes protecting groups (acetals/ketals) from aldehydes and ketones, restoring the original carbonyl functionality by using acidic conditions.

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What are quinones?

Quinones are a class of organic compounds with a characteristic cyclic structure containing two carbonyl groups. They are important in biochemistry and have various biological functions.

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What is a hydroxyquinone?

A hydroxyquinone is a quinone with one or more hydroxyl (OH) groups attached to its structure. These groups are introduced through oxidation of the original quinone structure.

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What is ubiquinone?

Ubiquinone is a vital component in the electron transport chain in cellular respiration. Also known as coenzyme Q, it acts as an electron acceptor in the chain.

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What is a carbonyl?

A carbonyl is a functional group with a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. It is present in aldehydes and ketones.

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How do aldehydes and ketones differ from each other?

Aldehydes have the carbonyl group at the end of a carbon chain (terminal), while ketones have the carbonyl group within the chain (internal).

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What are nucleophilic addition reactions?

A nucleophile, an electron-rich species, attacks the electrophilic carbon of a carbonyl, forming a new bond and breaking the pi bond. This can lead to the formation of alcohols or other carbonyl derivatives.

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What is a geminal diol?

A geminal diol is a compound with two hydroxyl groups attached to the same carbon atom. They are formed by the addition of water to a carbonyl compound.

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Study Notes

MCAT Review Sheets

  • Revised 2019
  • Contact information provided for questions or feedback.

Contents

  • The document provides a table of contents for General Chemistry, Biology, Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry, and other subjects of the MCAT.
  • Page numbers for each subject are listed.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the characteristics and mechanisms of SN1 and SN2 reactions, as well as concepts related to alcohols and chemical equilibrium. This quiz covers key principles of organic chemistry, including sterics, thermodynamics, and reaction kinetics.

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