Organic Chemistry Quiz on Functional Groups

Study Notes

Focuses on hydrocarbons and their derivatives
Characterized by carbon's tetravalency and catenation (ability to bond with itself)

### Functional Groups

Specific atoms or groups of atoms that determine a compound's chemical properties
Examples: hydroxyl group (-OH), aldehyde group (-CHO), carboxylic acid group (-COOH)

Series of organic compounds with the same functional group, similar chemical properties
Successive members differ by a -CH2 unit and 14 g/mol in molecular mass
Represented by the same general molecular formula

Common Name System: Naming based on origin
- Urea (from urine of mammals)
- Formic acid (from red ants)
IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) System:
- Word Root: Represents number of carbon atoms in the longest chain
- Suffix:
  - Primary suffix: Indicates saturation or unsaturation
  - Secondary suffix: Indicates functional group
- Prefix:
  - Primary prefix: e.g., 'cyclo' for cyclic compounds
  - Secondary prefix: Denotes substituent groups
    - Example: -F (Fluoro), -Cl (Chloro), -Br (Bromo), >CO (oxo), -NO2 (Nitro), -CH3 (Methyl), -OCH3 (Methoxy), -OH (hydroxy), -CHO (formyl), -COOH (carboxy), -NH2 (amino)

General Rules:
- Identify the longest carbon chain (parent chain)
- Identify all substituents (groups attached to the parent chain)
- Number carbon atoms to give substituents the lowest possible number
- If multiple substituents at equivalent positions, prioritize the one coming first alphabetically
- If a substituent appears multiple times, use prefixes (di, tri, tetra, etc.)
- List substituents alphabetically (ignore prefixes)
- If chains of equal length, prioritize based on:
  - Chain with the most side chains
  - Substituents with the lowest numbers
  - Carbon atoms in the smaller side chain
  - Least branched side chains

Alkyl groups (one hydrogen less than parent hydrocarbon):
- -CH3 (Methyl)
- -C2H5 (Ethyl)
- -C3H7 (Propyl)
Branched substituents: Memorize common types

### Word Roots