Organic Chemistry Overview

Organic Chemistry

Definition

• Study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties
• Excludes carbonates, cyanides, and cyanates

Characteristics

• Carbon atoms bonded to other carbon atoms, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements
• Typically, covalent bonds between atoms
• Can be found naturally or synthesized artificially

Functional Groups

• Specific groups of atoms within a molecule that determine its chemical properties
• Examples:
  • Hydroxyl (-OH)
  • Carboxyl (-COOH)
  • Amino (-NH2)
  • Carbonyl (>C=O)

Hydrocarbons

• Compounds consisting of hydrogen and carbon atoms only
• Saturated (single bonds) or unsaturated (double or triple bonds)
• Examples:
  • Alkanes (saturated): methane, ethane, propane
  • Alkenes (unsaturated): ethene, propene
  • Alkynes (unsaturated): ethyne, propyne

Isomerism

• Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures
• Types:
  • Structural isomerism: different bond connections
  • Stereoisomerism: same bond connections, different spatial arrangements
  • Enantiomerism: non-superimposable mirror images

Reactions

• Types:
  • Substitution: replacement of a functional group
  • Elimination: removal of a functional group
  • Addition: formation of a new bond
• Mechanisms:
  • Electrophilic addition
  • Nucleophilic substitution

Biomolecules

• Organic compounds found in living organisms
• Examples:
  • Carbohydrates: sugars, starches, cellulose
  • Proteins: peptides, amino acids
  • Lipids: fats, oils, cholesterol

Organic Chemistry

• Study of carbon-containing compounds, excluding carbonates, cyanides, and cyanates
• Compounds can be found naturally or synthesized artificially

Characteristics of Organic Compounds

• Carbon atoms bonded to other carbon atoms, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements
• Typically, covalent bonds between atoms

Functional Groups

• Specific groups of atoms within a molecule that determine its chemical properties
• Examples of functional groups:
  • Hydroxyl (-OH)
  • Carboxyl (-COOH)
  • Amino (-NH2)
  • Carbonyl (>C=O)

Hydrocarbons

• Compounds consisting of hydrogen and carbon atoms only
• Can be saturated (single bonds) or unsaturated (double or triple bonds)
• Examples of hydrocarbons:
  • Alkanes (saturated): methane, ethane, propane
  • Alkenes (unsaturated): ethene, propene
  • Alkynes (unsaturated): ethyne, propyne

Isomerism

• Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures
• Types of isomerism:
  • Structural isomerism: different bond connections
  • Stereoisomerism: same bond connections, different spatial arrangements
  • Enantiomerism: non-superimposable mirror images

Reactions

• Types of reactions:
  • Substitution: replacement of a functional group
  • Elimination: removal of a functional group
  • Addition: formation of a new bond
• Reaction mechanisms:
  • Electrophilic addition
  • Nucleophilic substitution

Biomolecules

• Organic compounds found in living organisms
• Examples of biomolecules:
  • Carbohydrates: sugars, starches, cellulose
  • Proteins: peptides, amino acids
  • Lipids: fats, oils, cholesterol

This quiz covers the basics of organic chemistry, including the definition, characteristics, and functional groups of carbon-containing compounds.