Organic Chemistry Lecture 3: Classification of Compounds

What percentage of the mass of most cells is made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen?

What is the ability of carbon atoms to form bonds with?

What is the study of carbon-containing compounds?

What is a common application of organic molecules?

What is a unique property of carbon that contributes to its versatility?

What is a common component of bones?

What type of bonds can carbon atoms form with other carbon atoms or hydrogen atoms?

What is a biological significance of carbon?

What is the form of carbon dioxide in the blood during transportation?

What is the effect of carbon monoxide on the body?

What is the general classification of hydrocarbons based on their structure?

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

What is the result of high-level carbon monoxide poisoning?

What is the type of bond formed between carbon and other elements in biomolecules?

What is the functional group of amines?

What is the type of structure formed by covalently linked carbon atoms in biomolecules?

Organic Chemistry

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds.
Organic molecules are made up of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and a few other elements.
Carbon occurs both as a free element (graphite, diamond) and in combined form (MgCO3, CaCO3).

Applications of Organic Chemistry

Drugs can be synthesized from organic molecules, such as Penicillin, Aspirin, Paracetamol, and Alzheimer's drug.
Carbon, along with hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, makes up more than 99% of the mass of most cells and provides the building blocks of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, saccharides, and metabolites.
Carbon is a major buffering system used to maintain the pH of mammalian blood.
A small amount of insoluble calcium and magnesium carbonates, CaCO3 and MgCO3, can be found in bones.
Many compounds used in medicine are synthetic.

Properties of Carbon

Carbon atoms can form very stable carbon-carbon single bonds with up to four other carbon atoms or Hydrogen atoms (alkanes).
Carbon can form double and triple bonds (alkenes and alkynes).
Covalently linked carbon atoms in biomolecules can form linear chains, branched chains, and cyclic structures.
Carbon can form stable bonds with other elements like O, N, S, X – alcohol, aldehyde, ketones, esters, ethers, amines.

Carbon Compounds

Carbon dioxide, CO2 is one of the end products of cellular respiration.
Carbon monoxide gas, CO is highly toxic and displaces oxygen in the blood, depriving the heart, brain, and other vital organs of oxygen.

Classification of Organic Compounds

Aliphatic and Aromatic compounds
Open Chain and Cyclic compounds
Homocyclic and Heterocyclic compounds
Saturated and Unsaturated compounds

Functional Groups

Alkyl Halides with halogen- RX
Alcohols with -OH (R-OH)
Amines with -NH2 (R-NH2)
Carboxylic acids with -C-OH (R-COOH)
Esters with -C-O (R-COOR’)
Amides with -C-NH2 (RCONH2)
Acid Anhydride

Learn about the chemistry of carbon, functional groups, and classification of organic compounds, including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and benzene. Covers topics from General, Organic, and Biochemistry 9th Edition.