Organic Chemistry: Haloalkanes and Alcohols

Definition: Study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties.
Key Concepts:
- Structure and bonding in organic molecules.
- Functional groups and their reactivity.
- Isomerism: structural isomers vs. stereoisomers.
- Reaction mechanisms: nucleophilic substitution, elimination, addition, and rearrangement.

Definition: Organic compounds containing halogen atoms (F, Cl, Br, I) attached to aliphatic carbon atoms.
Classification:
- Primary, secondary, and tertiary haloalkanes based on the carbon atom to which the halogen is attached.
Reactions:
- Nucleophilic substitution (SN1 and SN2 mechanisms).
- Elimination reactions (E1 and E2 mechanisms).
Properties:
- Generally polar compounds with higher boiling points than corresponding alkanes.
- Used in solvents, pesticides, and refrigerants.

Definition: Organic compounds containing one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups.
Classification:
- Primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols based on the carbon to which the hydroxyl group is attached.
Reactions:
- Oxidation: primary alcohols → aldehydes; secondary → ketones; tertiary → resistant.
- Dehydration: conversion to alkenes via elimination.
Properties:
- Polar and capable of hydrogen bonding.
- Higher boiling points than hydrocarbons of similar molecular weight.

Definition: Compounds containing a hydroxyl group (-OH) directly attached to an aromatic ring.
Properties:
- Weakly acidic due to the resonance stabilization of the phenoxide ion.
- Higher boiling points than alcohols due to hydrogen bonding.
Reactions:
- Electrophilic aromatic substitution (e.g., nitration, sulfonation).
- Oxidation to quinones.
- Formation of esters and ethers.

Definition: Organic compounds characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups (R-O-R').
Properties:
- Generally nonpolar and have lower boiling points than alcohols.
- Good solvents for organic reactions.
Reactions:
- Cleavage by strong acids to form alcohols and alkyl halides.
- Not very reactive, but can participate in oxidation and hydrolysis under extreme conditions.

Definition: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group (C=O).
Types:
- Aldehydes: carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain.
- Ketones: carbonyl group within the carbon chain.
Reactions:
- Nucleophilic addition reactions with nucleophiles (e.g., Grignard reagents).
- Oxidation (aldehydes → carboxylic acids).
- Reduction (aldehydes and ketones → alcohols).
Properties:
- Generally polar, leading to higher boiling points than hydrocarbons.
- Aldehydes are typically more reactive than ketones.

Definition: Organic compounds derived from ammonia (NH3) by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups.
Classification:
- Primary (one R group), secondary (two R groups), and tertiary (three R groups).
Reactions:
- Nucleophilic substitution: alkylation of amines.
- Formation of amides from carboxylic acids.
- Reactivity with acids to form ammonium salts.
Properties:
- Basic nature due to the lone pair on the nitrogen atom.
- Higher boiling points than hydrocarbons due to hydrogen bonding.
- Characteristic fishy odor in lower molecular weight amines.

Focuses on carbon-containing compounds, examining their structures, properties, and reactions.
Key concepts include structure and bonding, functional groups, isomerism (structural and stereoisomers), and various reaction mechanisms.

Organic compounds with halogen atoms (F, Cl, Br, I) linked to aliphatic carbon atoms.
Classified into primary, secondary, and tertiary based on the halogen-attached carbon's position.
Undergo nucleophilic substitution via SN1 and SN2 mechanisms and elimination reactions (E1 and E2).
Generally polar with higher boiling points than similar alkanes; utilized in solvents, pesticides, and refrigerants.

Contain one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups.
Classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the carbon attached to the hydroxyl group.
React through oxidation (primary → aldehydes, secondary → ketones) and dehydration to form alkenes.
Polar, capable of hydrogen bonding, resulting in higher boiling points than comparable hydrocarbons.

Characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group attached directly to an aromatic ring.
Exhibit weak acidity due to resonance stabilization of the phenoxide ion and possess higher boiling points than alcohols.
React through electrophilic aromatic substitution (nitration, sulfonation) and oxidation to quinones, as well as forming esters and ethers.

Compounds with an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups (R-O-R').
Generally nonpolar and possess lower boiling points than alcohols; effective solvents in organic reactions.
Can undergo cleavage by strong acids to yield alcohols and alkyl halides, and show reactivity in oxidation and hydrolysis under extreme conditions.

Defined by the presence of a carbonyl group (C=O).
Two main types: aldehydes (carbonyl at the chain's end) and ketones (carbonyl within the chain).
Participate in nucleophilic addition reactions, with aldehydes more reactive than ketones; they can oxidize to carboxylic acids and reduce to alcohols.
Generally polar, resulting in higher boiling points than hydrocarbons.

Derived from ammonia (NH3) with one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by alkyl or aryl groups.
Classified into primary, secondary, and tertiary forms based on the number of R groups.
React through nucleophilic substitution (alkylation) and can form amides from carboxylic acids, as well as ammonium salts upon reacting with acids.
Exhibit basic properties due to the nitrogen's lone pair, higher boiling points than hydrocarbons due to hydrogen bonding, and a characteristic fishy odor in lower molecular weight species.