17 Questions
What is the valency of a carbon atom in organic chemistry?
4
What types of chains can carbon atoms form?
Straight, branched, and cyclic chains
What type of bonds can carbon atoms form in addition to single bonds?
Double and triple bonds
What is a characteristic of hydrocarbons?
They are non-polar
What determines the boiling point and solubility of organic compounds?
All of the above
What is a characteristic of aromatic compounds?
They are toxic with an undesirable odor
What is the characteristic bonding feature of the simplest alkyne, ethyne?
triple bond
In the IUPAC naming of alkynes, what is the direction of numbering of the longest continuous chain?
in a direction that gives the functional group suffix the lowest possible number
How are multiple substituents cited in the IUPAC naming of alkynes?
in alphabetical order, using the same rules for alphabetizing as in alkanes and alkenes
What is the functional group in alkynes?
triple bond
In cyclic alkynes, which carbon atoms are involved in the triple bond?
carbons 1 and 2
What type of hybridization is associated with the carbon atoms separating the double bonds in isolated dienes?
sp3
What is the type of bond between the double bonds in conjugated dienes?
Single bond
Which of the following types of dienes has a carbon atom common to two carbon-carbon double bonds?
Accumulated dienes
What is the functional group in the simplest alkene, ethylene?
Double bond
What is the IUPAC rule for numbering the longest continuous chain in alkenes?
Numbering starts from the carbon atom with the functional group suffix
What is the characteristic of the double bond in cyclic alkenes?
The double bond is between carbons 1 and 2
Study Notes
Properties of Carbon Atom
- Carbon atom has a valency of 4, meaning it can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms.
- Carbon atom can form chains: straight, branched, and cyclic.
- Carbon atom can form multiple bonds: double and triple bonds.
Derivatives of Hydrocarbons
- Alkyl Halides: R─X
- Alcohols: R─OH
- Ethers: R─O─R`
- Aldehydes: R ─CO ─H
- Ketones: R ─CO ─R`
- Esters: R ─COO ─R`
- Carboxylic acids: R ─COOH
- Amines: R ─NH2
- Amides: R ─CO ─NH2
- Nitriles: R ─CN
Homologous Series
- A group of organic chemical compounds listed in order of increasing size, with similar structures and properties.
- Compounds differ only by the number of CH2 units in the main carbon chain.
- A family of hydrocarbons with similar chemical properties and a general formula.
General Properties of Organic Compounds
- Mostly covalent compounds.
- Low boiling point.
- Low solubility in water, but dissolve in organic solvents.
- Hydrocarbons are generally non-polar, while organic derivatives have varied polarity according to the functional group.
- Mostly inflammable and non-conductors of electricity.
- Ability to form large molecules (polymers).
- Most aromatic compounds are toxic with undesirable odor.
Factors Affecting Boiling Point and Solubility
- Polarity of the functional group.
- Ability to form hydrogen bonds.
- Number of carbon atoms.
- Melting point and boiling point.
Alkynes
- Simplest alkyne is ethyne (C2H2).
- Structural formula: RC≡CR`.
- Functional group: triple bond.
- Nomenclature of alkynes follows the IUPAC rules, with the longest continuous chain containing the functional group numbered in a direction that gives the functional group suffix the lowest possible number.
Alkenes
- Simplest alkene is ethylene (Ethene) C2H4.
- Structural formula: RC=CR`.
- Functional group: double bond.
- Nomenclature of alkenes follows the IUPAC rules, with the longest continuous chain containing the functional group numbered in a direction that gives the functional group suffix the lowest possible number.
Dienes Compounds
- Hydrocarbons that contain two double bonds.
- Classes of Dienes compounds: isolated, conjugated, and accumulated.
- Isolated dienes: two double bonds separated by one or more sp3-hybridization carbon atoms.
- Conjugated dienes: two double bonds connected to each other by a single bond.
- Accumulated dienes: one carbon atom is common to two carbon-carbon double bonds.
Test your knowledge of organic chemistry basics, including carbon atom properties, hydrocarbon derivatives, and functional groups.
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