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Questions and Answers
What is the valency of a carbon atom in organic chemistry?
What is the valency of a carbon atom in organic chemistry?
What types of chains can carbon atoms form?
What types of chains can carbon atoms form?
What type of bonds can carbon atoms form in addition to single bonds?
What type of bonds can carbon atoms form in addition to single bonds?
What is a characteristic of hydrocarbons?
What is a characteristic of hydrocarbons?
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What determines the boiling point and solubility of organic compounds?
What determines the boiling point and solubility of organic compounds?
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What is a characteristic of aromatic compounds?
What is a characteristic of aromatic compounds?
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What is the characteristic bonding feature of the simplest alkyne, ethyne?
What is the characteristic bonding feature of the simplest alkyne, ethyne?
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In the IUPAC naming of alkynes, what is the direction of numbering of the longest continuous chain?
In the IUPAC naming of alkynes, what is the direction of numbering of the longest continuous chain?
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How are multiple substituents cited in the IUPAC naming of alkynes?
How are multiple substituents cited in the IUPAC naming of alkynes?
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What is the functional group in alkynes?
What is the functional group in alkynes?
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In cyclic alkynes, which carbon atoms are involved in the triple bond?
In cyclic alkynes, which carbon atoms are involved in the triple bond?
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What type of hybridization is associated with the carbon atoms separating the double bonds in isolated dienes?
What type of hybridization is associated with the carbon atoms separating the double bonds in isolated dienes?
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What is the type of bond between the double bonds in conjugated dienes?
What is the type of bond between the double bonds in conjugated dienes?
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Which of the following types of dienes has a carbon atom common to two carbon-carbon double bonds?
Which of the following types of dienes has a carbon atom common to two carbon-carbon double bonds?
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What is the functional group in the simplest alkene, ethylene?
What is the functional group in the simplest alkene, ethylene?
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What is the IUPAC rule for numbering the longest continuous chain in alkenes?
What is the IUPAC rule for numbering the longest continuous chain in alkenes?
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What is the characteristic of the double bond in cyclic alkenes?
What is the characteristic of the double bond in cyclic alkenes?
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Study Notes
Properties of Carbon Atom
- Carbon atom has a valency of 4, meaning it can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms.
- Carbon atom can form chains: straight, branched, and cyclic.
- Carbon atom can form multiple bonds: double and triple bonds.
Derivatives of Hydrocarbons
- Alkyl Halides: R─X
- Alcohols: R─OH
- Ethers: R─O─R`
- Aldehydes: R ─CO ─H
- Ketones: R ─CO ─R`
- Esters: R ─COO ─R`
- Carboxylic acids: R ─COOH
- Amines: R ─NH2
- Amides: R ─CO ─NH2
- Nitriles: R ─CN
Homologous Series
- A group of organic chemical compounds listed in order of increasing size, with similar structures and properties.
- Compounds differ only by the number of CH2 units in the main carbon chain.
- A family of hydrocarbons with similar chemical properties and a general formula.
General Properties of Organic Compounds
- Mostly covalent compounds.
- Low boiling point.
- Low solubility in water, but dissolve in organic solvents.
- Hydrocarbons are generally non-polar, while organic derivatives have varied polarity according to the functional group.
- Mostly inflammable and non-conductors of electricity.
- Ability to form large molecules (polymers).
- Most aromatic compounds are toxic with undesirable odor.
Factors Affecting Boiling Point and Solubility
- Polarity of the functional group.
- Ability to form hydrogen bonds.
- Number of carbon atoms.
- Melting point and boiling point.
Alkynes
- Simplest alkyne is ethyne (C2H2).
- Structural formula: RC≡CR`.
- Functional group: triple bond.
- Nomenclature of alkynes follows the IUPAC rules, with the longest continuous chain containing the functional group numbered in a direction that gives the functional group suffix the lowest possible number.
Alkenes
- Simplest alkene is ethylene (Ethene) C2H4.
- Structural formula: RC=CR`.
- Functional group: double bond.
- Nomenclature of alkenes follows the IUPAC rules, with the longest continuous chain containing the functional group numbered in a direction that gives the functional group suffix the lowest possible number.
Dienes Compounds
- Hydrocarbons that contain two double bonds.
- Classes of Dienes compounds: isolated, conjugated, and accumulated.
- Isolated dienes: two double bonds separated by one or more sp3-hybridization carbon atoms.
- Conjugated dienes: two double bonds connected to each other by a single bond.
- Accumulated dienes: one carbon atom is common to two carbon-carbon double bonds.
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Description
Test your knowledge of organic chemistry basics, including carbon atom properties, hydrocarbon derivatives, and functional groups.
