Organic Chemistry Fundamentals

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Questions and Answers

What is the valency of a carbon atom in organic chemistry?

4 (correct)

What types of chains can carbon atoms form?

Only straight chains

Only cyclic chains

Straight, branched, and cyclic chains (correct)

Only branched chains

What type of bonds can carbon atoms form in addition to single bonds?

Neither double nor triple bonds

Only double bonds

Double and triple bonds (correct)

Only triple bonds

What is a characteristic of hydrocarbons?

They are non-polar Signup and view all the answers

What determines the boiling point and solubility of organic compounds?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of aromatic compounds?

They are toxic with an undesirable odor Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic bonding feature of the simplest alkyne, ethyne?

triple bond Signup and view all the answers

In the IUPAC naming of alkynes, what is the direction of numbering of the longest continuous chain?

in a direction that gives the functional group suffix the lowest possible number Signup and view all the answers

How are multiple substituents cited in the IUPAC naming of alkynes?

in alphabetical order, using the same rules for alphabetizing as in alkanes and alkenes Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional group in alkynes?

triple bond Signup and view all the answers

In cyclic alkynes, which carbon atoms are involved in the triple bond?

carbons 1 and 2 Signup and view all the answers

What type of hybridization is associated with the carbon atoms separating the double bonds in isolated dienes?

sp3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of bond between the double bonds in conjugated dienes?

Single bond Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of dienes has a carbon atom common to two carbon-carbon double bonds?

Accumulated dienes Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional group in the simplest alkene, ethylene?

Double bond Signup and view all the answers

What is the IUPAC rule for numbering the longest continuous chain in alkenes?

Numbering starts from the carbon atom with the functional group suffix Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the double bond in cyclic alkenes?

The double bond is between carbons 1 and 2 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Properties of Carbon Atom

Carbon atom has a valency of 4, meaning it can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms.
Carbon atom can form chains: straight, branched, and cyclic.
Carbon atom can form multiple bonds: double and triple bonds.

Derivatives of Hydrocarbons

Alkyl Halides: R─X
Alcohols: R─OH
Ethers: R─O─R`
Aldehydes: R ─CO ─H
Ketones: R ─CO ─R`
Esters: R ─COO ─R`
Carboxylic acids: R ─COOH
Amines: R ─NH2
Amides: R ─CO ─NH2
Nitriles: R ─CN

Homologous Series

A group of organic chemical compounds listed in order of increasing size, with similar structures and properties.
Compounds differ only by the number of CH2 units in the main carbon chain.
A family of hydrocarbons with similar chemical properties and a general formula.

General Properties of Organic Compounds

Mostly covalent compounds.
Low boiling point.
Low solubility in water, but dissolve in organic solvents.
Hydrocarbons are generally non-polar, while organic derivatives have varied polarity according to the functional group.
Mostly inflammable and non-conductors of electricity.
Ability to form large molecules (polymers).
Most aromatic compounds are toxic with undesirable odor.

Factors Affecting Boiling Point and Solubility

Polarity of the functional group.
Ability to form hydrogen bonds.
Number of carbon atoms.
Melting point and boiling point.

Alkynes

Simplest alkyne is ethyne (C2H2).
Structural formula: RC≡CR`.
Functional group: triple bond.
Nomenclature of alkynes follows the IUPAC rules, with the longest continuous chain containing the functional group numbered in a direction that gives the functional group suffix the lowest possible number.

Alkenes

Simplest alkene is ethylene (Ethene) C2H4.
Structural formula: RC=CR`.
Functional group: double bond.
Nomenclature of alkenes follows the IUPAC rules, with the longest continuous chain containing the functional group numbered in a direction that gives the functional group suffix the lowest possible number.

Dienes Compounds

Hydrocarbons that contain two double bonds.
Classes of Dienes compounds: isolated, conjugated, and accumulated.
Isolated dienes: two double bonds separated by one or more sp3-hybridization carbon atoms.
Conjugated dienes: two double bonds connected to each other by a single bond.
Accumulated dienes: one carbon atom is common to two carbon-carbon double bonds.