Organic Chemistry Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers

What is the correct order for citing substituents in a hydrocarbon chain?

  • Alphabetical order, then size of the substituent
  • Size of the substituent, then alphabetical order
  • Alphabetical order, using the same rules as for alkanes (correct)
  • Number of carbons, then alphabetical order

    • What type of diene has two double bonds connected by a single bond?

  • Isolated
  • Accumulated
  • Conjugated (correct)
  • Cyclic

    • What is the ease of dehydrohalogenation of alkylhalides?

  • 3⁰ > 2⁰ > 1⁰ (correct)
  • 1⁰ > 2⁰ > 3⁰
  • 2⁰ > 1⁰ > 3⁰
  • 1⁰ = 2⁰ = 3⁰

    • What is the catalyst used for the reduction of alkynes to form cis-alkenes?

    <p>Lindlar catalyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction do unsaturated hydrocarbons commonly undergo?

    <p>Addition reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the double bonds in a conjugated diene?

    <p>They are connected by a single bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental ability of carbon atoms that enables them to form chains?

    <p>Valency of 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general characteristic of organic compounds in terms of solubility?

    <p>Low solubility in water and high solubility in organic solvents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a group of organic compounds with similar structures and properties?

    <p>Homologous series</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is typically found in hydrocarbons?

    <p>Covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of carbon atoms to form double and triple bonds?

    <p>Multiple bond formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general characteristic of organic compounds in terms of their electrical conductivity?

    <p>Poor conductors of electricity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the functional group found in carboxylic acids?

    <p>R─COOH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general property of aromatic compounds?

    <p>Toxic with undesirable odor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general formula for alkynes?

    <p>CnH2n-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional group present in alkynes?

    <p>Triple bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct numbering direction for the longest continuous chain in IUPAC nomenclature of alkynes?

    <p>In a direction that gives the functional group suffix the lowest possible number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of bond present in borane (BH3)?

    <p>Single bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula of the simplest alkyne?

    <p>C2H2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of solvents is borane commercially available?

    <p>Ether and tetrahydrofuran (THF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular formula of glucose when divided by the lower number CH2O?

    <p>C3H6O3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional group of Alkanes?

    <p>Single bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between structural isomerism and stereo isomerism?

    <p>The arrangement of atoms along the carbon skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of isomerism occurs when functional groups are attached on different positions on a carbon chain?

    <p>Position Isomerism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general formula for Alkanes?

    <p>CnH2n+2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of Polarity?

    <p>The ability of a molecule to attract electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated compounds?

    <p>The number of hydrogen atoms present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a Hydrogen bond?

    <p>A bond between a hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that affects the boiling point and solubility of organic compounds?

    <p>The polarity of the functional group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are carboxylic acids more polar than alcohols?

    <p>Because the carbonyl group increases the electronegativity of the oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organic compounds is insoluble in water?

    <p>Carboxylic acids with more than 6 carbon atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of amine is unable to form hydrogen bonds?

    <p>Tertiary amine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between aldehydes and ketones?

    <p>The presence of an acidic hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are hydrocarbons non-polar?

    <p>Because they contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between empirical and structural formulas?

    <p>The empirical formula describes the kind of atoms, while the structural formula describes the bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do ethers have the lowest polarity among the derivatives?

    <p>Because the hydrogen bond is absent and the oxygen atom is in the middle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Organic Chemistry

    • Organic chemistry is the study of compounds that contain carbon atoms.
    • It involves the chemistry of hydrocarbons and their derivatives.

    Carbon Atom

    • Carbon atoms have a valency of 4, meaning they can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms.
    • Carbon atoms can form chains, including:
      • Straight chains
      • Branched chains
      • Cyclic chains
    • Carbon atoms can form multiple bonds, including:
      • Double bonds
      • Triple bonds

    Derivatives of Hydrocarbons

    • Derivatives of hydrocarbons include:
      • Alkyl halides (R─X)
      • Alcohols (R─OH)
      • Ethers (R─O─R)
      • Aldehydes (R─CO─H)
      • Ketones (R─CO─R)
      • Esters (R─COO─R)
      • Carboxylic acids (R─COOH)
      • Amines (R─NH2)
      • Amides (R─CO─NH2)
      • Nitriles (R─CN)

    Homologous Series

    • A homologous series is a group of organic compounds that have similar structures and properties.
    • Members of a homologous series differ by the number of CH2 units in the main carbon chain.

    General Properties of Organic Compounds

    • Organic compounds are mostly covalent compounds.
    • They have low boiling points and low solubility in water.
    • They tend to dissolve in organic solvents, following the principle "like dissolves like".
    • Hydrocarbons are generally non-polar, while organic derivatives have varying degrees of polarity.
    • Most organic compounds are flammable and non-conductors of electricity.
    • They can form large molecules (polymers).

    Boiling Point and Solubility

    • The boiling point and solubility of organic compounds depend on:
      • The polarity of the functional group
      • The ability to form hydrogen bonds
      • The number of carbon atoms

    Melting Point and Molecular Weight

    • The melting point and molecular weight of organic compounds depend on:
      • The molecular weight
      • The structure of the compound
      • The intermolecular forces between the atoms

    Isomerism

    • Isomerism is a phenomenon where two or more organic compounds have the same molecular formula but different properties.
    • There are two types of isomerism:
      • Structural isomerism (differing in the arrangement of atoms along the carbon skeleton)
      • Stereoisomerism (differing in the arrangement of atoms in space)

    Functional Group

    • A functional group is an atom or group of atoms that is responsible for the chemical and physical behavior of a molecule.

    Writing Organic Formulas

    • There are four ways to write organic formulas:
      • Empirical formula (the simplest ratio)
      • Molecular formula
      • Condensed formula
      • Line-dot formula

    Alkanes

    • Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds (functional group).
    • They are saturated hydrocarbons because they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can bond with the number of carbon atoms present.
    • General formula: CnH2n+2
    • Structural formula: R─R` or R─H
    • Functional group: Single bond

    Alkenes

    • Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain double bonds (functional group).
    • They are unsaturated hydrocarbons.
    • General formula: CnH2n
    • Structural formula: R─CH=CH─R`
    • Functional group: Double bond

    Preparation of Alkenes

    • Alkenes can be prepared through:
      • Dehydrohalogenation of alkylhalides
      • Reduction of alkynes

    Reactions of Alkenes

    • Alkenes undergo addition reactions, including:
      • Addition of halogen halides (Markovnikov addition)
      • Addition of sulphuric acid
      • Addition of water (hydration)
      • Hydroxylation
      • Hydroboration-oxidation

    Alkynes

    • Alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
    • General formula: CnH2n-2
    • Structural formula: RC≡CR`
    • Functional group: Triple bond

    Nomenclature of Alkynes

    • IUPAC names follow these rules:
      • Select the longest continuous chain containing the functional group (carbon-carbon triple bond).
      • Number the chain in a direction that gives the functional group suffix the lowest possible number.
      • Cite the name of the substituent before the name of the longest continuous chain containing the functional group.
      • Use alphabetical order when citing multiple substituents.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of organic chemistry, including the properties of carbon atoms, formation of chains and bonds, and characteristics of hydrocarbons and their derivatives.

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