36 Questions
What is the correct order for citing substituents in a hydrocarbon chain?
Alphabetical order, using the same rules as for alkanes
What type of diene has two double bonds connected by a single bond?
Conjugated
What is the ease of dehydrohalogenation of alkylhalides?
3⁰ > 2⁰ > 1⁰
What is the catalyst used for the reduction of alkynes to form cis-alkenes?
Lindlar catalyst
What type of reaction do unsaturated hydrocarbons commonly undergo?
Addition reaction
What is the relationship between the double bonds in a conjugated diene?
They are connected by a single bond
What is the fundamental ability of carbon atoms that enables them to form chains?
Valency of 4
What is the general characteristic of organic compounds in terms of solubility?
Low solubility in water and high solubility in organic solvents
What is the term for a group of organic compounds with similar structures and properties?
Homologous series
What type of bond is typically found in hydrocarbons?
Covalent bond
What is the term for the ability of carbon atoms to form double and triple bonds?
Multiple bond formation
What is the general characteristic of organic compounds in terms of their electrical conductivity?
Poor conductors of electricity
What is the term for the functional group found in carboxylic acids?
R─COOH
What is the general property of aromatic compounds?
Toxic with undesirable odor
What is the general formula for alkynes?
CnH2n-2
What is the functional group present in alkynes?
Triple bond
What is the correct numbering direction for the longest continuous chain in IUPAC nomenclature of alkynes?
In a direction that gives the functional group suffix the lowest possible number
What is the type of bond present in borane (BH3)?
Single bond
What is the formula of the simplest alkyne?
C2H2
In what type of solvents is borane commercially available?
Ether and tetrahydrofuran (THF)
What is the molecular formula of glucose when divided by the lower number CH2O?
C3H6O3
What is the functional group of Alkanes?
Single bond
What is the difference between structural isomerism and stereo isomerism?
The arrangement of atoms along the carbon skeleton
What type of isomerism occurs when functional groups are attached on different positions on a carbon chain?
Position Isomerism
What is the general formula for Alkanes?
CnH2n+2
What is the definition of Polarity?
The ability of a molecule to attract electrons
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated compounds?
The number of hydrogen atoms present
What is the definition of a Hydrogen bond?
A bond between a hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative atom
What is the main factor that affects the boiling point and solubility of organic compounds?
The polarity of the functional group
Why are carboxylic acids more polar than alcohols?
Because the carbonyl group increases the electronegativity of the oxygen
Which of the following organic compounds is insoluble in water?
Carboxylic acids with more than 6 carbon atoms
Which type of amine is unable to form hydrogen bonds?
Tertiary amine
What is the main difference between aldehydes and ketones?
The presence of an acidic hydrogen
Why are hydrocarbons non-polar?
Because they contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms
What is the main difference between empirical and structural formulas?
The empirical formula describes the kind of atoms, while the structural formula describes the bonding
Why do ethers have the lowest polarity among the derivatives?
Because the hydrogen bond is absent and the oxygen atom is in the middle
Study Notes
Organic Chemistry
- Organic chemistry is the study of compounds that contain carbon atoms.
- It involves the chemistry of hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
Carbon Atom
- Carbon atoms have a valency of 4, meaning they can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms.
- Carbon atoms can form chains, including:
- Straight chains
- Branched chains
- Cyclic chains
- Carbon atoms can form multiple bonds, including:
- Double bonds
- Triple bonds
Derivatives of Hydrocarbons
- Derivatives of hydrocarbons include:
- Alkyl halides (R─X)
- Alcohols (R─OH)
- Ethers (R─O─R)
- Aldehydes (R─CO─H)
- Ketones (R─CO─R)
- Esters (R─COO─R)
- Carboxylic acids (R─COOH)
- Amines (R─NH2)
- Amides (R─CO─NH2)
- Nitriles (R─CN)
Homologous Series
- A homologous series is a group of organic compounds that have similar structures and properties.
- Members of a homologous series differ by the number of CH2 units in the main carbon chain.
General Properties of Organic Compounds
- Organic compounds are mostly covalent compounds.
- They have low boiling points and low solubility in water.
- They tend to dissolve in organic solvents, following the principle "like dissolves like".
- Hydrocarbons are generally non-polar, while organic derivatives have varying degrees of polarity.
- Most organic compounds are flammable and non-conductors of electricity.
- They can form large molecules (polymers).
Boiling Point and Solubility
- The boiling point and solubility of organic compounds depend on:
- The polarity of the functional group
- The ability to form hydrogen bonds
- The number of carbon atoms
Melting Point and Molecular Weight
- The melting point and molecular weight of organic compounds depend on:
- The molecular weight
- The structure of the compound
- The intermolecular forces between the atoms
Isomerism
- Isomerism is a phenomenon where two or more organic compounds have the same molecular formula but different properties.
- There are two types of isomerism:
- Structural isomerism (differing in the arrangement of atoms along the carbon skeleton)
- Stereoisomerism (differing in the arrangement of atoms in space)
Functional Group
- A functional group is an atom or group of atoms that is responsible for the chemical and physical behavior of a molecule.
Writing Organic Formulas
- There are four ways to write organic formulas:
- Empirical formula (the simplest ratio)
- Molecular formula
- Condensed formula
- Line-dot formula
Alkanes
- Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds (functional group).
- They are saturated hydrocarbons because they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can bond with the number of carbon atoms present.
- General formula: CnH2n+2
- Structural formula: R─R` or R─H
- Functional group: Single bond
Alkenes
- Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain double bonds (functional group).
- They are unsaturated hydrocarbons.
- General formula: CnH2n
- Structural formula: R─CH=CH─R`
- Functional group: Double bond
Preparation of Alkenes
- Alkenes can be prepared through:
- Dehydrohalogenation of alkylhalides
- Reduction of alkynes
Reactions of Alkenes
- Alkenes undergo addition reactions, including:
- Addition of halogen halides (Markovnikov addition)
- Addition of sulphuric acid
- Addition of water (hydration)
- Hydroxylation
- Hydroboration-oxidation
Alkynes
- Alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
- General formula: CnH2n-2
- Structural formula: RC≡CR`
- Functional group: Triple bond
Nomenclature of Alkynes
- IUPAC names follow these rules:
- Select the longest continuous chain containing the functional group (carbon-carbon triple bond).
- Number the chain in a direction that gives the functional group suffix the lowest possible number.
- Cite the name of the substituent before the name of the longest continuous chain containing the functional group.
- Use alphabetical order when citing multiple substituents.
This quiz covers the basics of organic chemistry, including the properties of carbon atoms, formation of chains and bonds, and characteristics of hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
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