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Questions and Answers
What is the suffix for an aldehyde functional group?
What is the suffix for an aldehyde functional group?
What is the prefix for a hydroxy (OH) functional group?
What is the prefix for a hydroxy (OH) functional group?
What is the correct name for the compound cyclohexane with a methyl substituent?
What is the correct name for the compound cyclohexane with a methyl substituent?
What is the parent hydride for the compound 2-methylpropane?
What is the parent hydride for the compound 2-methylpropane?
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What notation is used to indicate stereochemistry at a tetrahedral stereocenter?
What notation is used to indicate stereochemistry at a tetrahedral stereocenter?
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What is the correct order for numbering substituents in a parent hydride?
What is the correct order for numbering substituents in a parent hydride?
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What is the correct name for the ester functional group?
What is the correct name for the ester functional group?
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What notation is used to indicate stereochemistry at a double bond?
What notation is used to indicate stereochemistry at a double bond?
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What is the term for molecules with the same molecular formula and bond order, but differ in their 3D arrangement of atoms in space?
What is the term for molecules with the same molecular formula and bond order, but differ in their 3D arrangement of atoms in space?
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What is the term for the highest energy point on a reaction coordinate diagram?
What is the term for the highest energy point on a reaction coordinate diagram?
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What type of functional group is found in a molecule with a carbon-carbon triple bond?
What type of functional group is found in a molecule with a carbon-carbon triple bond?
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What type of spectroscopy measures the absorption of infrared radiation by molecules?
What type of spectroscopy measures the absorption of infrared radiation by molecules?
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What is the term for a molecule that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image?
What is the term for a molecule that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image?
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What type of reaction does an alkyne undergo when it reacts with hydrogen?
What type of reaction does an alkyne undergo when it reacts with hydrogen?
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What is the term for a step-by-step explanation of how a reaction occurs?
What is the term for a step-by-step explanation of how a reaction occurs?
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What type of functional group is found in a molecule with an oxygen-hydrogen bond?
What type of functional group is found in a molecule with an oxygen-hydrogen bond?
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What is the term for the slowest step in a reaction mechanism?
What is the term for the slowest step in a reaction mechanism?
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What type of spectroscopy measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions?
What type of spectroscopy measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions?
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Study Notes
Stereochemistry
- Stereoisomers: molecules with same molecular formula and bond order, but differ in 3D arrangement of atoms in space
- Enantiomers: non-superimposable mirror images of each other
- Diastereomers: non-mirror image stereoisomers
- Chirality: property of a molecule that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image
- R/S System: method of designating the configuration of a stereocenter using R (rectus) and S (sinister)
Reaction Mechanisms
- Reaction Coordinate Diagrams: graphical representation of energy change during a reaction
- Transition State: highest energy point on a reaction coordinate diagram, where reactants are converted to products
- Intermediate: species that forms during a reaction, but is not a reactant or product
- Mechanism: step-by-step explanation of how a reaction occurs
- Rate-Determining Step: slowest step in a reaction mechanism, which determines the overall rate of the reaction
Functional Groups
- Functional Group: atom or group of atoms that determines the chemical properties of a molecule
- Alkyl: functional group containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms
- Alkenyl: functional group containing a carbon-carbon double bond
- Alkynyl: functional group containing a carbon-carbon triple bond
- Aromatic: functional group containing a planar, ring-shaped structure with alternating double bonds
- Hydroxyl: functional group containing an oxygen-hydrogen bond
- Carbonyl: functional group containing a carbon-oxygen double bond
- Amino: functional group containing a nitrogen-hydrogen bond
Alkynes
- Alkyne: hydrocarbon containing a carbon-carbon triple bond
- Terminal Alkyne: alkyne with the triple bond at the end of the molecule
- Internal Alkyne: alkyne with the triple bond within the molecule
- Alkyne Reactions: alkynes can undergo addition reactions, such as hydrogenation and halogenation
Spectroscopy
- Spectroscopy: study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation
- Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: measures the absorption of infrared radiation by molecules
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: measures the absorption of radiofrequency radiation by atomic nuclei
- Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy: measures the absorption of ultraviolet and visible radiation by molecules
- Mass Spectrometry (MS): measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions
General Concepts
- Atomic Orbitals: regions around an atom where an electron is likely to be found
- Molecular Orbitals: regions around a molecule where an electron is likely to be found
- Electronegativity: ability of an atom to attract electrons in a covalent bond
- Acid-Base Chemistry: study of the donation and acceptance of electrons
- Resonance: way of describing the delocalization of electrons in a molecule
Nomenclature
- Functional groups are named as suffixes or prefixes
- Suffixes:
- Alkene: -ene
- Alkyne: -yne
- Alkyl halide: -halide (e.g. chloride, bromide)
- Aldehyde: -al
- Ketone: -one
- Carboxylic acid: -oic acid
- Ester: -oate
- Prefixes:
- Hydroxy (OH): hydroxy-
- Amino (NH2): amino-
- Nitro (NO2): nitro-
- Chloro (Cl): chloro-
Substituent Naming
- Substituents are named as prefixes
- Substituents are named in alphabetical order
- di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. are used to indicate multiple substituents of the same type
- Examples:
- Methyl: methyl-
- Ethyl: ethyl-
- Isopropyl: isopropyl-
Cyclic Compound Nomenclature
- Cyclic compounds are named as cycloalkanes
- The prefix cyclo- is used
- The number of carbons in the ring is indicated by a prefix (e.g. cyclohex-, cyclohept-)
- Substituents are named as prefixes
- Examples:
- Cyclohexane: cyclohexane
- Methylcyclohexane: methylcyclohexane
Parent Hydride Rules
- The parent hydride is the longest continuous chain in the molecule
- The parent hydride is numbered starting from the end that is closest to a functional group
- Substituents are numbered accordingly
- Examples:
- 2-methylpropane: the parent hydride is propane, with a methyl substituent on the 2nd carbon
Stereochemistry Notation
- Stereochemistry is indicated using R/S notation or E/Z notation
- R/S notation:
- R: rectus (right-handed)
- S: sinister (left-handed)
- Used for tetrahedral stereocenters
- E/Z notation:
- E: entgegen (across)
- Z: zusammen (together)
- Used for double bonds
- Examples:
- (R)-2-bromobutane: the bromine is on the right-hand side of the stereocenter
- (E)-2-butene: the methyl groups are across from each other on the double bond
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Description
Learn how to name functional groups and substituents in organic chemistry, including suffixes and prefixes for different molecules.
