Questions and Answers
What is the suffix for an aldehyde functional group?
What is the prefix for a hydroxy (OH) functional group?
What is the correct name for the compound cyclohexane with a methyl substituent?
What is the parent hydride for the compound 2-methylpropane?
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What notation is used to indicate stereochemistry at a tetrahedral stereocenter?
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What is the correct order for numbering substituents in a parent hydride?
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What is the correct name for the ester functional group?
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What notation is used to indicate stereochemistry at a double bond?
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What is the term for molecules with the same molecular formula and bond order, but differ in their 3D arrangement of atoms in space?
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What is the term for the highest energy point on a reaction coordinate diagram?
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What type of functional group is found in a molecule with a carbon-carbon triple bond?
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What type of spectroscopy measures the absorption of infrared radiation by molecules?
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What is the term for a molecule that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image?
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What type of reaction does an alkyne undergo when it reacts with hydrogen?
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What is the term for a step-by-step explanation of how a reaction occurs?
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What type of functional group is found in a molecule with an oxygen-hydrogen bond?
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What is the term for the slowest step in a reaction mechanism?
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What type of spectroscopy measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions?
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Study Notes
Stereochemistry
- Stereoisomers: molecules with same molecular formula and bond order, but differ in 3D arrangement of atoms in space
- Enantiomers: non-superimposable mirror images of each other
- Diastereomers: non-mirror image stereoisomers
- Chirality: property of a molecule that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image
- R/S System: method of designating the configuration of a stereocenter using R (rectus) and S (sinister)
Reaction Mechanisms
- Reaction Coordinate Diagrams: graphical representation of energy change during a reaction
- Transition State: highest energy point on a reaction coordinate diagram, where reactants are converted to products
- Intermediate: species that forms during a reaction, but is not a reactant or product
- Mechanism: step-by-step explanation of how a reaction occurs
- Rate-Determining Step: slowest step in a reaction mechanism, which determines the overall rate of the reaction
Functional Groups
- Functional Group: atom or group of atoms that determines the chemical properties of a molecule
- Alkyl: functional group containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms
- Alkenyl: functional group containing a carbon-carbon double bond
- Alkynyl: functional group containing a carbon-carbon triple bond
- Aromatic: functional group containing a planar, ring-shaped structure with alternating double bonds
- Hydroxyl: functional group containing an oxygen-hydrogen bond
- Carbonyl: functional group containing a carbon-oxygen double bond
- Amino: functional group containing a nitrogen-hydrogen bond
Alkynes
- Alkyne: hydrocarbon containing a carbon-carbon triple bond
- Terminal Alkyne: alkyne with the triple bond at the end of the molecule
- Internal Alkyne: alkyne with the triple bond within the molecule
- Alkyne Reactions: alkynes can undergo addition reactions, such as hydrogenation and halogenation
Spectroscopy
- Spectroscopy: study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation
- Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: measures the absorption of infrared radiation by molecules
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: measures the absorption of radiofrequency radiation by atomic nuclei
- Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy: measures the absorption of ultraviolet and visible radiation by molecules
- Mass Spectrometry (MS): measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions
General Concepts
- Atomic Orbitals: regions around an atom where an electron is likely to be found
- Molecular Orbitals: regions around a molecule where an electron is likely to be found
- Electronegativity: ability of an atom to attract electrons in a covalent bond
- Acid-Base Chemistry: study of the donation and acceptance of electrons
- Resonance: way of describing the delocalization of electrons in a molecule
Nomenclature
- Functional groups are named as suffixes or prefixes
- Suffixes:
- Alkene: -ene
- Alkyne: -yne
- Alkyl halide: -halide (e.g. chloride, bromide)
- Aldehyde: -al
- Ketone: -one
- Carboxylic acid: -oic acid
- Ester: -oate
- Prefixes:
- Hydroxy (OH): hydroxy-
- Amino (NH2): amino-
- Nitro (NO2): nitro-
- Chloro (Cl): chloro-
Substituent Naming
- Substituents are named as prefixes
- Substituents are named in alphabetical order
- di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. are used to indicate multiple substituents of the same type
- Examples:
- Methyl: methyl-
- Ethyl: ethyl-
- Isopropyl: isopropyl-
Cyclic Compound Nomenclature
- Cyclic compounds are named as cycloalkanes
- The prefix cyclo- is used
- The number of carbons in the ring is indicated by a prefix (e.g. cyclohex-, cyclohept-)
- Substituents are named as prefixes
- Examples:
- Cyclohexane: cyclohexane
- Methylcyclohexane: methylcyclohexane
Parent Hydride Rules
- The parent hydride is the longest continuous chain in the molecule
- The parent hydride is numbered starting from the end that is closest to a functional group
- Substituents are numbered accordingly
- Examples:
- 2-methylpropane: the parent hydride is propane, with a methyl substituent on the 2nd carbon
Stereochemistry Notation
- Stereochemistry is indicated using R/S notation or E/Z notation
- R/S notation:
- R: rectus (right-handed)
- S: sinister (left-handed)
- Used for tetrahedral stereocenters
- E/Z notation:
- E: entgegen (across)
- Z: zusammen (together)
- Used for double bonds
- Examples:
- (R)-2-bromobutane: the bromine is on the right-hand side of the stereocenter
- (E)-2-butene: the methyl groups are across from each other on the double bond
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Description
Learn how to name functional groups and substituents in organic chemistry, including suffixes and prefixes for different molecules.
