Organic Chemistry for 11th Grade

• The text provides study material for a chemistry class, specifically organic chemistry for 11th-grade students.
• The class covers hydrocarbons, functional groups, and IUPAC nomenclature, along with evaluation criteria.

Course Objectives

• Students will identify the importance of the carbon atom in organic chemistry as a fundamental element for life.
• Students will understand different chemical reaction mechanisms that enable the formation of various organic compounds.

Evaluation Criteria

• Autoevaluation: Students will evaluate their performance at the end of each period.
• The evaluation will cover learning process, achievements, difficulties, skills, attitudes, and behaviors.
• Students should reflect on responsibility, interest, punctuality, organization, and communication.
• A numerical self-assessment will be given, recorded, and discussed with the teacher, considering: correct use of class time, expressing opinions and conclusions, bringing necessary materials, showing interest in overcoming difficulties, and demonstrating interest in activities proposed by the teacher.
• Coevaluation: A qualitative assessment.
• This involves mutual evaluation among students and between students and the teacher, based on community assessment and shared judgment.
• Supports collaborative learning and promotes responsibility, autonomy, solidarity, and teamwork.
• Heteroevaluation: This includes constant analysis of procedures and methodologies used by teachers and students, understanding why goals are not achieved, and redesigning the implemented didactics.
• Considers the individualities of the students while expressing opinions and conclusions through various means, assuming responsibility in individual and team work, demonstrating comprehension of the topics, and applying basic and specific skills to solve problems.

Zero Grade Policies

• A grade of zero will be applied if students do not show evidence of assigned work.
• It will also be given for constant failure to bring required tools (folder, notebook, labs coat etc).
• Not having the equipment to participate in labs, fraud is considered when a student has unauthorized materials during evaluations or presents copied information, including errors.
• Non-compliance with laboratory regulations for chemistry, biology, and physics will also result in a zero.

Transversal Theme

• The course integrates a pastoral theme, focusing on reinforcing the value of confidence in class activities.

Christian Values Integration

• Infuse Christian values into the teaching of scientific concepts by emphasizing the importance of caring for God's creation and being good stewards of natural resources.
• Explore faith and science's compatibility.
• Ethical principles can guide decision-making in scientific research.
• Dedicate time to discuss environmental stewardship.
• Encourage critical thinking from an ethical and moral perspective.
• Analyze scientific problems through a lens that considers Christian values.
• Promote projects that address social issues from a scientific and ethical standpoint.

Carbon Generalities

• Organic compounds mainly contain C, H, O, and N, and may also contain S, P, Cl, etc.
• Most organic compounds have covalent bonds, are soluble in organic solvents (nonpolar solvents), are poor conductors of electricity.
• They are thermolabile and have relatively low melting and boiling points.
• Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.
• Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, arenes, haloalkanes, alcohols, ethers, amines, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, and acid halides.

Carbon Fundamentals

• Carbon (C) is a nonmetallic element located in Group IVA and the second period of the periodic table.
• It belongs to the silicon, germanium, tin, and lead family.
• Pure carbon exists in different forms called allotropes.
• Carbon has three isotopes: carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14.
• Carbon-12 is the most stable, while carbon-14 is radioactive and used for dating fossils..
• Allotropes can be natural (diamond, graphite) or artificial (fullerenes, nanotubes, nano foam, graphene).

Chemical Properties of Carbon

• Covalence: Carbon forms covalent bonds with nonmetallic elements, sharing valence electrons to satisfy the octet rule.
• Tetravalence: Carbon has the capacity to form four covalent bonds with other atoms.

Hybridization

• Hybridization is the mixing of pure atomic orbitals in an excited state to form equivalent hybrid orbitals with specific orientations in space.
• It explains the tetravalence of carbon in organic compounds.
• Types of hybridization: sp, sp², and sp³.
• Sp-hybridized carbon has a linear geometry with a 180° bond angle.
• Sp²-hybridized carbon has a trigonal planar geometry with a 120° bond angle.
• Sp³-hybridized carbon has a tetrahedral geometry with a 109.5° bond angle.

Types of Carbon Atoms

• Primary (1°) carbon is bonded to one other carbon atom.
• Secondary (2°) carbon is bonded to two other carbon atoms.
• Tertiary (3°) carbon is bonded to three other carbon atoms.
• Quaternary (4°) carbon is bonded to four other carbon atoms.

Structural Formulas

• Expanded formulas indicate all bonds between atoms.
• Condensed formulas omit some or all covalent bonds.

Hydrocarbons Nomenclature

• The text provides a table with the nomenclature of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, alkanes, from methane to decane, indicating their molecular formula, structural formula, number of isomers for each compound, boiling point, and melting point.

Radicals Nomenclature

• Nomenclature involves adding the suffix "il" or "ilo" to the parent alkane name.
• Alkyl groups are univalent radicals derived from alkanes by removing one hydrogen atom.

IUPAC Nomenclature

• The IUPAC name of an organic molecule is assembled using prefixes, a root, and suffixes to describe its characteristics and parts.
• Prefixes indicate the position and number of substituents.
• The root indicates the number of carbon atoms in the main chain.
• Suffixes indicate the functional group.

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

• Alkanes are saturated, linear hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH(2n+2), ending with the suffix "-ane".

Alcanes Nomenclature

• Identify the longest carbon chain, prioritize substituents.
• Number the substituents to give the lowest possible numbers.
• List the substituents alphabetically, with prefixes indicating quantity.
• Alkenes: change the suffix "-ane" to "-ene" to indicate double bond and a lower number.
• Alkynes: use the suffix "-yne."
• If both double and triple bonds are present, the name ends in "-enine."
• If double and triple bonds have the same locators, the double bond takes priority.

Alicyclic Compounds

• Use the prefix "cyclo-" before the alkane name.
• Identify and name substituents in alphabetical order.

Aromatic Compounds

• Benzene is named as a substituent to a prior group.
• Disubstituted benzenes are named using "ortho-", "meta-", or "para-" prefixes to indicate the relative positions of the two substituents.
• Polysubstituted benzenes: Number the positions of the substituents to give the lowest possible set of numbers and list substituents alphabetically.