Organic Chemistry Flashcards

The longest continuous carbon chain in a molecule that contains the highest priority functional group.

A group of atoms attached to the parent chain that is not the highest priority functional group.

Hydrocarbons with only single bonds between carbon atoms. General formula: CnH(2n+2).

Hydrocarbons with at least one double bond between carbon atoms. Use the suffix '-ene'.

Hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond between carbon atoms. Use the suffix '-yne'.

A compound containing a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom.

The functional group containing a carbonyl group (C=O).

A carboxylic acid derivative where the -OH group is replaced with -OR. Use the suffix -oate.

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of two electrons between two atomic orbitals that overlap head-to-head. In a single bond, each atom contributes one electron to the shared pair.

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of four electrons between two atomic orbitals. It consists of one sigma bond and one pi bond, formed by the lateral overlap of two p orbitals.

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of six electrons between two atomic orbitals. It consists of one sigma bond and two pi bonds, formed by the lateral overlap of two sets of p orbitals.

A description of the delocalization of electrons in molecules with alternating single and multiple bonds. This delocalization creates a system of shared, mobile electrons.

A pattern of alternating single and multiple bonds in a molecule, creating a system of unhybridized p orbitals. This allows for delocalization of electrons across the molecule.

A type of hybridization where one s orbital and three p orbitals combine to form four equivalent sp3 hybrid orbitals. These orbitals are arranged in a tetrahedral geometry.

A type of hybridization where one s orbital and two p orbitals combine to form three equivalent sp2 hybrid orbitals, arranged in a trigonal planar shape.

A type of hybridization where one s orbital and one p orbital combine to form two equivalent sp hybrid orbitals, with a linear shape.

Molecules that donate electrons to electron-deficient sites, often forming new bonds.

Molecules that accept electrons from electron-rich species, often forming new bonds.

Groups or atoms that leave a molecule during a reaction, taking their bonding electrons with them. They stabilize the resulting transition state.

The ability to selectively react with one functional group over others in a molecule, even if multiple reactive groups are present.

Temporary groups that block or protect specific functional groups from reacting, allowing other reactions to occur preferentially.

Specific chemicals used in reactions that target particular functional groups, enhancing the overall specificity and efficiency of a reaction.

The conditions under which a reaction is performed, such as temperature, solvent, or catalyst, that can influence the rate and selectivity of the reaction.

By controlling reaction conditions, reagent choices, and the use of protecting groups, chemoselectivity helps optimize reactions, minimizes waste, and allows the efficient synthesis of complex molecules.

The central carbon atom in an amino acid, bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a side chain (R group).

A molecule with both acidic and basic functional groups.

An amino acid with a non-aromatic side chain containing only carbon and hydrogen.

A covalent bond formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid.

A molecule composed of multiple amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

A large, folded polypeptide with a specific biological function.

A laboratory method for synthesizing amino acids from aldehydes, ammonium chloride, and potassium cyanide.

A laboratory method for synthesizing amino acids from potassium phthalimide, diethyl bromomalonate, and an alkyl halide.

Phosphoric acid, also known as phosphate group or inorganic phosphate, plays a crucial role in biological systems, including DNA structure and energy storage.

The backbone of DNA is built using phosphodiester bonds that form when a pyrophosphate, a molecule containing two phosphate groups, is released. This pyrophosphate can be broken down into two inorganic phosphates.

A buffer system is formed by a weak acid and its conjugate base, which resists changes in pH. Phosphoric acid's multiple pKa values allow it to buffer a wide pH range.

Organic phosphates contain both carbon and phosphate groups, and are crucial components of biomolecules like ATP and DNA.

UV spectroscopy measures the absorption of UV light by molecules, providing information about the structure of a compound by analyzing the electronic transitions.

UV spectroscopy primarily studies the electronic transitions of conjugated systems, which involve alternating single and double bonds. These systems allow for delocalization of electrons across the molecule.

Chromophores are specific groups within a molecule that absorb UV light, such as double bonds and aromatic rings. These groups are responsible for the distinct absorption patterns observed in UV spectra.

The absorption of UV light by molecules is caused by the movement of electrons from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). The energy difference between these orbitals determines the wavelength of light absorbed.

The wavelength of maximum absorption in a molecule, indicating the type of chromophore present. Varies with solvent polarity.

The difference in energy between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO).

The process of aligning nuclear spins with an applied magnetic field, providing information about a molecule's structure and functional groups.

The chemical shift in NMR spectroscopy is measured in parts per million (ppm) of spectrophotometer frequency and is a standardized reference point for analyzing spectra.

A splitting of NMR peaks due to the interaction of neighboring hydrogen atoms, providing information about the number and relative positions of protons in a molecule.

A technique for determining the molecular weight and aiding in structural analysis. Involves ionization and fragmentation of a molecule.

A measure of the electron density around a proton, determining its position on an NMR spectrum. Higher electron density leads to higher shielding.

A measure of the electron density around a proton, determining its position on an NMR spectrum. Lower electron density leads to lower shielding.