Organic Chemistry Chapter on Effects and Acidity

I Effect and Electron Displacement

• The -I (inductive) effect results from the electron-withdrawing nature of substituents, which stabilize negative charges in a molecule.
• The substituent -COOH shows the -I effect due to its electronegative characteristics.
• Other groups such as -C2H5, -CHR2, and -CH2R exhibit weaker or no -I effects.

Displacement of Electrons

• The displacement of electrons from a multiple bond when influenced by a reagent is known as the -M (mesomeric) effect.
• Understanding the types of effects (I, M, E, R) is crucial in predicting molecular behaviors and stability.

Strength of Acids

• Among the compounds listed (CICH2COOH, FCH2COOH, BrCH2COOH, ICH2COOH), the strongest acid is typically characterized by the most electronegative substituent, which enhances the acidity through stronger electron withdrawal.
• The presence of fluorine in FCH2COOH makes it a significantly stronger acid compared to the others.

Homolytic Fission of C-C Bonds

• Homolytic fission refers to the breaking of a bond where each atom retains one of the bonded electrons, resulting in free radical formation.
• When C-C bonds undergo homolytic fission, it leads predominantly to the generation of free radicals, impacting the reactivity and stability of the given compounds.

Key Concepts in Organic Chemistry

• Recognizing the inductive and mesomeric effects is essential for predicting how different groups influence reactivity and acidity in organic compounds.
• The understanding of radical formation from bond fission is fundamental in organic reaction mechanisms.