Organic Chemistry Chapter 4 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following molecules is polar?

  • C3H7OH
  • C2H5COOH
  • Both (correct)
  • Neither

    • Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?

    Carboxyl and amino groups.

    Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?

    Amino

    Organic chemistry is currently defined as...

    <p>The study of carbon compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The complexity and variety of organic molecules is due to...

    <p>The chemical versatility of carbon atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action could produce a carbonyl group?

    <p>The replacement of the -OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way(s) do testosterone and estradiol differ from each other?

    <p>They have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?

    <p>The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Therefore, this compound...

    <p>Should dissolve in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The experimental approach taken in current biological investigations presumes that...

    <p>Living organisms can be understood in terms of the same physical and chemical laws that can be used to explain all natural phenomena.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an ethane (C2H6) molecule, each carbon atom is bonded to how many hydrogen atoms?

    <p>Three.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some carbon skeletons have different numbers and locations of double bonds to...

    <p>Add molecular complexity and diversity that characterize living matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes cis-trans isomers?

    <p>They have variations in arrangement around a double bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms?

    <p>Covalent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electrons does one atom of carbon share to complete its valence shell?

    <p>Four.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each bond in carbon dioxide represents...

    <p>A pair of shared electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organic molecules with only hydrogens and five carbon atoms cannot...

    <p>Form enantiomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments supported the hypothesis that...

    <p>Organic molecules can be synthesized abiotically under conditions that may have existed on early Earth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbon molecule does not have the bond angle of 109.5°?

    <p>C2H4.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is carbon so important in biology?

    <p>It can form a variety of carbon skeletons and host functional groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The element present in all organic molecules is...

    <p>Carbon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Research indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecules that...

    <p>Are mirror images of each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hydrocarbon has a double bond in its carbon skeleton?

    <p>C2H4.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thalidomide and L-dopa are examples of pharmaceutical drugs that occur as enantiomers, or molecules that...

    <p>Are mirror images of each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Polar Molecules

    • C3H7OH and C2H5COOH are polar due to their functional groups.

    Amino Acids

    • Amino acids always contain carboxyl and amino functional groups.

    Organic Molecules as Bases

    • The amino group is primarily responsible for organic molecules behaving as bases.

    Organic Chemistry Definition

    • Defined as the study of carbon compounds and their properties.

    Carbon Versatility

    • The complexity and diversity of organic molecules stem from the chemical versatility of carbon atoms.

    Carbonyl Group Formation

    • A carbonyl group can form by replacing the -OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen.

    Sex Hormones

    • Testosterone and estradiol differ by their functional groups, although they share a common carbon skeleton.

    Hydrocarbon Solubility

    • Hydrocarbons are insoluble in water due to their nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen bonds.

    Hydroxyl Group Compounds

    • Compounds with predominant hydroxyl groups are soluble in water.

    Biological Investigations Approach

    • Current biological research operates under the premise that living organisms conform to the same physical and chemical laws as all natural phenomena.

    Ethane Structure

    • Each carbon atom in ethane (C2H6) is bonded to three hydrogen atoms.

    Carbon Skeleton Complexity

    • Variations in the number and arrangement of double bonds in carbon skeletons enhance molecular complexity and diversity in living organisms.

    Cis-Trans Isomers

    • Cis-trans isomers exhibit differences in arrangement around a double bond.

    Carbon Bonding

    • Carbon most commonly forms covalent bonds with other atoms.

    Carbon Electrons

    • A carbon atom shares four electrons to complete its valence shell.

    Carbon Dioxide Structure

    • Each bond in carbon dioxide (O = C = O) consists of a pair of shared electrons.

    Enantiomers and Organic Molecules

    • Organic molecules composed solely of hydrogen and five carbon atoms cannot create enantiomers.

    Miller's Experiment

    • Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments demonstrated that organic molecules can form abiogenically under conditions resembling early Earth.

    Bond Angles in Carbon Molecules

    • C2H4 does not exhibit a bond angle of 109.5°, which is characteristic of tetrahedral carbon arrangements.

    Importance of Carbon in Biology

    • Carbon is crucial in biological systems because it can form diverse carbon skeletons and accommodate various functional groups.

    Presence of Elements in Organic Molecules

    • Carbon is the fundamental element present in all organic molecules.

    Ibuprofen and Enantiomers

    • Research suggests ibuprofen is a mixture of two enantiomers, which are mirror images of one another.

    Hydrocarbons with Double Bonds

    • C2H4 contains a double bond within its carbon skeleton.

    Pharmaceutical Enantiomers

    • Thalidomide and L-dopa exemplify drugs existing as enantiomers, reflecting mirror-image relationships.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of organic chemistry concepts with these flashcards focused on Chapter 4. You will explore polar molecules, functional groups in amino acids, and the behavior of organic molecules. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of this subject.

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