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Questions and Answers
What is the C-C-C bond angle in the benzene ring?
What is the C-C-C bond angle in the benzene ring?
All aromatic compounds produce a fragrant aroma.
All aromatic compounds produce a fragrant aroma.
False
What hybridization do the carbon atoms in benzene exhibit?
What hybridization do the carbon atoms in benzene exhibit?
sp2
Each carbon atom in benzene is attached to ___ hydrogen atoms.
Each carbon atom in benzene is attached to ___ hydrogen atoms.
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Match the following components of benzene with their descriptions:
Match the following components of benzene with their descriptions:
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Which formula type shows all atoms present along with their positions?
Which formula type shows all atoms present along with their positions?
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The Skeletal Formula displays all carbon atoms and their positions.
The Skeletal Formula displays all carbon atoms and their positions.
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What do straight lines in a Detailed Structural Formula signify?
What do straight lines in a Detailed Structural Formula signify?
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In a Detailed Structural Formula, dashed lines indicate atoms and bonds that go into the ______.
In a Detailed Structural Formula, dashed lines indicate atoms and bonds that go into the ______.
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Match the following types of formulas with their descriptions:
Match the following types of formulas with their descriptions:
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What type of lines are used to show atoms and bonds that come out of the page?
What type of lines are used to show atoms and bonds that come out of the page?
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The Basic Structural Formula only shows functional groups.
The Basic Structural Formula only shows functional groups.
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What type of reagent is HBr classified as?
What type of reagent is HBr classified as?
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A nucleophile is a substance that donates an electron pair.
A nucleophile is a substance that donates an electron pair.
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What is the purpose of using an asterisk (*) in the structural formula of enantiomers?
What is the purpose of using an asterisk (*) in the structural formula of enantiomers?
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Cl2 is an example of an _____ reagent.
Cl2 is an example of an _____ reagent.
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Match the following organic reagents with their classifications:
Match the following organic reagents with their classifications:
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Which of the following is NOT considered a Lewis acid?
Which of the following is NOT considered a Lewis acid?
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Radicals are neutral molecules that cannot be polarized.
Radicals are neutral molecules that cannot be polarized.
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What is the primary product formed when an alkene reacts with aqueous bromine?
What is the primary product formed when an alkene reacts with aqueous bromine?
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What is meant by an electrophile being attracted to electron-rich regions?
What is meant by an electrophile being attracted to electron-rich regions?
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The color of bromine water remains orange-brown when mixed with an alkene.
The color of bromine water remains orange-brown when mixed with an alkene.
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A reagent that can accept an electron pair is called a ______.
A reagent that can accept an electron pair is called a ______.
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What type of reaction occurs when an alkene reacts with aqueous halogen?
What type of reaction occurs when an alkene reacts with aqueous halogen?
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Which of the following compounds is a chiral molecule?
Which of the following compounds is a chiral molecule?
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The reaction of a symmetrical alkene with hydrogen halide produces an __________ product.
The reaction of a symmetrical alkene with hydrogen halide produces an __________ product.
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Match the following compounds with their respective products:
Match the following compounds with their respective products:
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What happens to the bromine water when mixed with an alkene?
What happens to the bromine water when mixed with an alkene?
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The minor product formed from the reaction of alkene with aqueous Br2 is 2-bromoethanol.
The minor product formed from the reaction of alkene with aqueous Br2 is 2-bromoethanol.
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Identify the halogenation reaction product formed when ethene reacts with Br2.
Identify the halogenation reaction product formed when ethene reacts with Br2.
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In the addition of hydrogen halide to a symmetrical alkene, the slightly positive __________ in HX interacts with the π bond.
In the addition of hydrogen halide to a symmetrical alkene, the slightly positive __________ in HX interacts with the π bond.
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During the halogenation of an alkene, which of the following is NOT a possible product?
During the halogenation of an alkene, which of the following is NOT a possible product?
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What type of isomers are 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene and 2-methylpent-2-ene?
What type of isomers are 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene and 2-methylpent-2-ene?
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All E-Z isomers are also cis-trans isomers.
All E-Z isomers are also cis-trans isomers.
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What is the prefix used in nomenclature to indicate geometric isomers with higher priority atoms on the same side?
What is the prefix used in nomenclature to indicate geometric isomers with higher priority atoms on the same side?
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The melting point of cis-but-2-ene is approximately _____ °C.
The melting point of cis-but-2-ene is approximately _____ °C.
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Match the isomer with its description:
Match the isomer with its description:
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Which of the following statements is true regarding but-2-ene?
Which of the following statements is true regarding but-2-ene?
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Geometric isomers can form from alkenes with at least one double bond and different groups attached.
Geometric isomers can form from alkenes with at least one double bond and different groups attached.
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What is the common name for C3H6?
What is the common name for C3H6?
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In alkenes, a geometric isomer can arise when there are _____ or more different atoms/groups attached to a C=C bond.
In alkenes, a geometric isomer can arise when there are _____ or more different atoms/groups attached to a C=C bond.
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Which type of isomerism is indicated by the terms E and Z?
Which type of isomerism is indicated by the terms E and Z?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course title: PRP 1016, Chemistry 1
- Learning unit 7: Organic Chemistry I
- Prepared by: Eswaran Madiahlangan
Learning Unit 7.1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry
-
Learning Objectives (7.1):
- Describe the properties of carbon atoms.
- Differentiate functional groups and classify homologous series.
- Represent organic compounds using various chemical formulae.
- Name organic compounds according to the IUPAC system.
What is Organic Chemistry?
- The study of organic compounds, which are compounds containing carbon.
- Includes hydrocarbon compounds and organic compounds.
Properties of Carbon Atom
- Tetravalent: Carbon forms four covalent bonds via sharing of its valence electrons.
- Requires four (4) additional electrons to achieve octet configuration electrons.
- C-C bonds are relatively strong bonds.
- Catenation - Group 14 Element Properties
- Average bond enthalpies (kJ/mol): C-C (+347), C=C (+612), C≡C (+838), C-H (+413), C-O (+358), Si-Si (+226), Si-H (+318)
- Forms diverse compounds due to:
- Long carbon chains or ring structures
- Many different groups or elements.
Classifications of Organic Compounds
-
Based on:
- Arrangement of carbon chains (Aliphatic, Alicyclic, Arene)
- Presence of double or triple bonds (Saturated, Unsaturated)
- Functional groups (Homologous series)
Arrangement of Carbon
- Aliphatic: Open chain arrangement
- Alicyclic: Consists of closed ring(s) of carbon atoms.
- Arene: Consist of at least one benzene ring
Presence of Multiple Bond
- Saturated: Contains only carbon-carbon single bonds.
- Unsaturated: Contains one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.
Functional Groups & Homologous Series
- A functional group is an atom or group of atoms responsible for the chemical properties of organic molecules.
- Organic compounds with the same functional groups belong to the same homologous series.
Functional Groups and Homologous Series
| Homologous Series | General Formula | Functional Group |
|---|---|---|
| Alkanes | CnH2n+2 | Carbon-carbon single bond |
| Alkenes | CnH2n | Carbon-carbon double bond |
| Alkynes | CnH2n-2 | Carbon-carbon triple bond |
| Alkyl Halides | CnH2n+1X (X is halogen) | Halide |
| Alcohols | CnH2n+2O | Hydroxyl group |
| Aldehydes | CnH2nO | Carbonyl group |
| Ketones | CnH2nO | Carbonyl group |
| Carboxylic Acids | CnH2n+1O2 | Carboxyl group |
| Amines | Amine group | |
| Amides | Amide group | |
| Esters | Carboxylate group | |
| Ethers | Alkoxy group bonded to carbon | |
| Nitriles | Cyano group |
Homologous Series
- Members can be prepared by the same general method.
- Have the same general formula
- Members in the same series have a difference of CH2 between successive members.
- Show an increase of 14 mass units in their RMM from the previous member.
- Gradual changes in physical properties (e.g., boiling point) with increasing RMM.
Representing Organic Compounds
- Molecular formula: Shows the number of atoms of each element.
- Condensed formula: Shows the atoms and how they are connected, but omits bonds.
- Displayed formula: Shows all atoms and bonds
- Skeletal formula: Shows the arrangement of the carbon skeleton but omits the carbons and hydrogens to simplify.
Structural Formula
- Basic Structural Formula: Shows all atoms and bonds.
- Condensed Formula: Shows all atoms but omits some bonds.
- Skeletal Formula: Shows the carbon skeleton but not the hydrogen atoms
IUPAC Nomenclature
- Comprehensive naming system for organic compounds.
- Provides a unique name for each compound.
- Components include functional groups, alkyl groups, number of carbon atoms etc.
Alkyl Group
- An alkane missing one hydrogen atom.
Basic Rules of IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkanes and Alkenes
- Identify the longest continuous hydrocarbon chain.
- Number the chain.
- Identify substituents (alkyl groups etc.).
- Name and locate substituents.
Exercise 1 and 2:
- Contains multiple questions to practice naming and drawing structures
Isomerism
- Constitutional Isomers: Different connectivity of atoms even though molecular formula is same. Includes chain isomers, position isomers, and functional group isomers
-
Stereoisomers: Same connectivity of atoms, but different spatial arrangement.
- Enantiomers: Non-superimposable mirror images.
- Diastereomers: Not mirror images. Includes cis-trans or geometric isomers.
Organic Reactions and Chemical Reagents
- Electrophile: Accepts an electron pair.
- Nucleophile: Donates an electron pair.
- Addition Reaction: Two reactants form one product in a saturated alkene.
- Substitution Reaction: Two reactants form two products.
- Elimination Reaction: A saturated reactant becomes an unsaturated product.
- Rearrangement Reaction: One reactant becomes one product.
Types of organic reagents
- Electrophiles:
- Nucleophiles:
- Radicals:
Reactions in Alkane
- Free Radical Substitution:
- Combustion: Burning in oxygen to produce CO2 & H2O.
- Oxidation: Using oxidizing agents (e.g., KMnO4)
- Pyrolysis: Thermal decomposition in the absence of oxygen
- Halogenation: Replacement of Hydrogen by halogens
Reactions in Alkene
- Catalytic Hydrogenation: Converting it into the alkane.
- Halogenation (Addition): Halogens add to the double bonds of the alkene to create dihalides.
- Addition of Hydrogen Halides (HX): HX adds to the double bonds.
- Oxidation: Use acidic KMnO4 to convert to a diol.
- Oxidative Cleavage: Use hot, concentrated KMnO4, the double bond is broken.
- Polymerisation: Small alkenes combined to form polymers such as polyethylene or polypropylene.
Reactions in Benzene
- Halogenation: Requires a catalyst (e.g., FeCl3)
- Nitration: Requires sulfuric acid (catalyst), produces nitrobenzene.
- Sulfonation: Requires sulfuric acid (catalyst), produces benzenesulfonic acid.
- Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: Substitution of alkyl groups.
- Friedel-Crafts Acylation: Substitution of acyl.
- Combustion: Burns in oxygen to produce CO2 and H2O.
- Oxidation of alkylbenzenes: Can only involve a benzylic H
IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkanes, Alkenes, and Benzene Derivatives, cycloalkanes
- Names are based on the longest chain and the substituents, following specific naming rules
- Numbering of carbon atoms.
Stability of Alkenes, Alkanes, and Benzene
- Stability of molecules.
Exercises
- Practice questions for each learning unit
Conclusion
- End-of-unit summary of different classes of hydrocarbons and their reactions.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structure and properties of benzene and its aromatic compounds. This quiz covers bond angles, hybridization, and various structural formulas. Ideal for students studying organic chemistry.
