Organic Chemistry Basics

The primary focus of organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties, involving the synthesis, structure, and reactions of organic compounds.

Organic compounds typically contain carbon and hydrogen atoms, and may also contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and other elements. They can be found naturally or synthesized in a laboratory.

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within a molecule that determine its properties and reactivity. Examples include hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), amino (-NH2), and carbonyl (>C=O) groups.

<p>The main types of organic reactions are substitution, elimination, addition, and oxidation-reduction reactions. Examples include replacement of one functional group with another, removal of a functional group, combination of two molecules to form a new compound, and transfer of electrons between molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organic chemistry impacts various industries, including pharmaceuticals, materials science, biochemistry, and agriculture, by contributing to the development of new drugs, materials, biological molecules, and pesticides, among others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some common types of organic compounds include alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons), alkenes (unsaturated hydrocarbons), alkynes (unsaturated hydrocarbons with triple bonds), and benzene (a planar, aromatic hydrocarbon). Examples include methane, ethene, ethyne, and C6H6.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary organizing principle of the periodic table is the atomic number. The three properties of elements used to classify them are atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A period is a horizontal row in the periodic table, and elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells. A group is a vertical column in the periodic table, and elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in their outermost energy level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Across a period, atomic radius decreases, electronegativity increases, and ionization energy increases. Down a group, atomic radius increases, electronegativity decreases, and ionization energy decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>s-block: one or two electrons in the outermost energy level; p-block: three or more electrons in the outermost energy level; d-block: partially filled d subshells; f-block: partially filled f subshells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metals: typically shiny, malleable, and good conductors of electricity (e.g., sodium, copper); Nonmetals: typically dull, brittle, and poor conductors of electricity (e.g., oxygen, carbon); Metalloids: exhibit some properties of metals and some properties of nonmetals (e.g., silicon, germanium).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The periodic table allows us to visualize the relationships between elements and their properties, and to make predictions about the behavior of elements based on their position in the table.</p> Signup and view all the answers