Organic Chemistry Basics

Organic Chemistry

Definition Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties, reactions, and synthesis.

Branches of Organic Chemistry

• Petroleum Chemistry: deals with the processing and transformation of petroleum into various products.
• Biological Chemistry: focuses on the chemical processes and compounds found in living organisms.
• Synthetic Chemistry: involves the design and preparation of new organic compounds.

Key Concepts

• Functional Groups: specific groups of atoms that determine the chemical properties of a molecule.
  • Examples: hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), amino (-NH2)
• Isomerism: the existence of two or more molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures.
  • Types: structural, stereoisomerism
• Stereochemistry: the study of the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in molecules.
• Reactions: types of organic reactions include:
  • Substitution reactions
  • Elimination reactions
  • Addition reactions
  • Oxidation-reduction reactions

Important Organic Compounds

• Alkanes: saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., methane, ethane)
• Alkenes: unsaturated hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds (e.g., ethene, propene)
• Alkynes: unsaturated hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds (e.g., ethyne, propyne)
• Arenes: aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, toluene)

Laboratory Techniques

• Chromatography: separation and purification of organic compounds based on their properties.
• Spectroscopy: analysis of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.
  • Types: infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS)

Applications of Organic Chemistry

• Pharmaceuticals: development of new drugs and medicines.
• Materials Science: creation of new materials with unique properties.
• Biotechnology: application of organic chemistry to biological systems.
• Environmental Science: study of the environmental impact of organic compounds.

Organic Chemistry

Definition and Branches

• Organic chemistry studies carbon-containing compounds, their properties, reactions, and synthesis.
• Branches of organic chemistry include:
  • Petroleum chemistry (processing and transformation of petroleum)
  • Biological chemistry (chemical processes and compounds in living organisms)
  • Synthetic chemistry (design and preparation of new organic compounds)

Key Concepts

Functional Groups

• Functional groups are specific groups of atoms that determine a molecule's chemical properties.
• Examples of functional groups:
  • Hydroxyl (-OH)
  • Carboxyl (-COOH)
  • Amino (-NH2)

Isomerism and Stereochemistry

• Isomerism refers to the existence of two or more molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures.
• Types of isomerism:
  • Structural isomerism
  • Stereoisomerism
• Stereochemistry studies the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in molecules.

Reactions

• Types of organic reactions:
  • Substitution reactions
  • Elimination reactions
  • Addition reactions
  • Oxidation-reduction reactions

Important Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons

• Alkanes: saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., methane, ethane)
• Alkenes: unsaturated hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds (e.g., ethene, propene)
• Alkynes: unsaturated hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds (e.g., ethyne, propyne)
• Arenes: aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, toluene)

Laboratory Techniques

Separation and Analysis

• Chromatography: separation and purification of organic compounds based on their properties.
• Spectroscopy: analysis of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.
  • Types:
    • Infrared (IR) spectroscopy
    • Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
    • Mass spectrometry (MS)

Applications of Organic Chemistry

Industries and Fields

• Pharmaceuticals: development of new drugs and medicines.
• Materials Science: creation of new materials with unique properties.
• Biotechnology: application of organic chemistry to biological systems.
• Environmental Science: study of the environmental impact of organic compounds.