CHEMLEC: Carbohydrates
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Questions and Answers

What is the term used to describe a sugar molecule containing one saccharide unit?

  • Disaccharide
  • Polysaccharide
  • Monosaccharide (correct)
  • Oligosaccharide

    • Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?

  • Sucrose (correct)
  • Inulin
  • Glucose
  • Starch

    • What is the term used to describe a molecule whose mirror images are not superimposable?

  • Chiral molecule (correct)
  • Enantiomer
  • Diastereomer
  • Achiral molecule

    • What is the condition for chirality in ring systems?

    <p>The two substituents attached to the carbon atom are different.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of isomerism involves a difference in spatial arrangement without involving cis-trans isomerism?

    <p>Configurational diastereomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe isomers that are mirror images of each other?

    <p>Enantiomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe isomers that differ in the arrangement of substituents around a double bond or within a ring structure?

    <p>Cis-trans diastereomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between configurational and cis-trans diastereomers?

    <p>Number of chiral centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a molecule with four different atoms or groups bonded to the carbon?

    <p>Chiral center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of enantiomers?

    <p>They are non-superimposable mirror images.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of diastereomers?

    <p>Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Fischer projection formula?

    <p>To show the spatial arrangement of groups about chiral centers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of epimers?

    <p>They differ in the position of only one -OH group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of anomers?

    <p>They are isomers that differ in configuration about the carbonyl carbon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of monosaccharides?

    <p>They contain a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone unit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of D-glyceraldehyde?

    <p>It is an aldose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of D-ribose?

    <p>It is a component of RNA molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ribose phosphates?

    <p>They are intermediates in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of diastereomers?

    <p>They are stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal glucose level in blood?

    <p>70-100 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sugars is commonly found in fruit juices and honey?

    <p>D-Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of oxidizing a monosaccharide with a strong oxidizing agent?

    <p>Aldaric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the reduction of D-Glucose?

    <p>D-Glucitol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general term for a monosaccharide acetal?

    <p>Glycoside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of D-Galactose in the body?

    <p>Component of glycoproteins in brain and nerve tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a phosphate ester?

    <p>α-D-Glucose 1-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the oxidation of a primary alcohol in a monosaccharide?

    <p>Formation of an aldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of D-Glucose and L-Glucose?

    <p>D-Glucose is sweet and nutritious, while L-Glucose is tasteless and not usable by the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the substitution of one hydroxyl group of a monosaccharide with an amino group?

    <p>Formation of an amino sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of lactose hydrolysis by lactase?

    <p>Galactose and Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of bond found in maltose?

    <p>α-(1,4) bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lactose in infant formulas?

    <p>To simulate mother's milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between sucrose and other disaccharides?

    <p>It has an α,β(1:2) bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the toxin found in potatoes?

    <p>Solanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the blood type of an individual?

    <p>The presence or absence of a fifth monosaccharide unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general term for polysaccharides?

    <p>Glycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of starch breakdown in plants and human starch digestion?

    <p>Maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of lactose as an excipient?

    <p>As a filler or filler-binder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of oligosaccharides?

    <p>Contain three to ten monosaccharide units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of polysaccharides?

    <p>They have limited water solubility and can be hydrolyzed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of storage polysaccharides?

    <p>To act as a source of energy in cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a structural polysaccharide?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between amylose and amylopectin?

    <p>Amylose is straight-chained while amylopectin is branched</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of acidic polysaccharides?

    <p>They contain a disaccharide repeating unit with an amino sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chitin in organisms?

    <p>To provide rigidity to exoskeletons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between glycogen and starch?

    <p>Glycogen is more branched than starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of hyaluronic acid?

    <p>No specific function mentioned in the content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of carbon dioxide converted into carbohydrates every day on Earth through photosynthesis?

    <p>250 billion kilograms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of carbohydrates in humans?

    <p>To provide energy for the human body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general formula for carbohydrates, historically?

    <p>Cn(H2O)m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural definition of carbohydrates?

    <p>Polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones or substances that yield these compounds upon hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glycogen in humans?

    <p>To provide short-term energy reserve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are carbohydrates important components of cell walls and extracellular structures?

    <p>Because they provide structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy yield from the breakdown of carbohydrates in humans?

    <p>4 kcal/g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are carbohydrates classified?

    <p>Based on their number of saccharide units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common name of D-Xylose?

    <p>Wood sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy source for cells?

    <p>D-Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of oxidizing a monosaccharide with a strong oxidizing agent?

    <p>Aldaric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the reduction of D-Glucose?

    <p>D-Glucitol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of D-Galactose in the body?

    <p>Component of glycoproteins in brain and nerve tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of substituting one hydroxyl group of a monosaccharide with an amino group?

    <p>Amino sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general term for a monosaccharide acetal?

    <p>Glycoside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of glucose levels in blood?

    <p>70-100 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sugar is commonly found in fruit juices and honey?

    <p>D-Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the oxidation of a primary alcohol in a monosaccharide?

    <p>Aldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diastereomers do not involve symmetry around a double bond or ring?

    <p>Configurational diastereomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other?

    <p>Diastereomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of isomers differ in the position of only one -OH group?

    <p>Epimers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Fischer projection formula?

    <p>To show the spatial arrangement of groups about chiral centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of anomers?

    <p>They are stereoisomers that differ in configuration about the carbonyl carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of monosaccharides?

    <p>They contain a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of D-glyceraldehyde?

    <p>It is an aldotriose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of energy for human life?

    <p>Carbohydrate breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of D-ribose?

    <p>It is a component of RNA molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of carbohydrates in cell recognition?

    <p>Recognizing cellular structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated daily conversion of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates through photosynthesis?

    <p>250 billion kilograms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Haworth projection formula?

    <p>To show the cyclic structure of monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of D-ribulose?

    <p>It is formed in metabolic processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of carbohydrates?

    <p>Contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of carbohydrates in DNA and RNA molecules?

    <p>Forming part of the structural framework</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of carbohydrates in plant cell walls?

    <p>Forming part of the structural framework</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the historical definition of carbohydrates?

    <p>Cn(H2O)m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural definition of carbohydrates?

    <p>Polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of replacing the hydroxyl on carbon 2 of glucose with an amino group?

    <p>D-Glucosamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disaccharide is composed of D-glucose and D-fructose?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of bond found in cellobiose?

    <p>β-(1,4) bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common name of lactose?

    <p>Milk sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of oligosaccharides?

    <p>Carbohydrates containing three to ten monosaccharide units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the blood type of an individual?

    <p>The fifth monosaccharide unit attached to the plasma membrane of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lactose in infant formulas?

    <p>To simulate mother's milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of sucrose?

    <p>It has an α,β(1:2) glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of glycosidic linkage found in maltose?

    <p>α-(1,4) bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the toxin found in potatoes?

    <p>Solanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of storage polysaccharides?

    <p>Serving as energy sources in cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of glucose units in glycogen?

    <p>Up to 1,000,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cellulose in plants?

    <p>Providing structural support to plant cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between chitin and cellulose?

    <p>Chitin contains N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, while cellulose contains glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of acidic polysaccharides?

    <p>They contain a disaccharide repeating unit with an amino sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of hyaluronic acid?

    <p>Providing lubrication and cushioning to joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between amylose and amylopectin?

    <p>Amylose is straight-chain, while amylopectin is branched</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of glycogen compared to amylopectin?

    <p>Glycogen is more branched than amylopectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a sugar molecule containing multiple saccharide units?

    <p>Polysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition necessary for chirality to occur in a molecule?

    <p>The molecule has four different atoms or groups bonded to the carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of isomerism that involves a difference in connectivity of atoms?

    <p>Constitutional isomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of achiral molecules?

    <p>Their mirror images are superimposable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe isomers that have the same molecular formula and connectivity but differ in spatial arrangements?

    <p>Stereoisomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of configurational diastereomers?

    <p>They differ in spatial arrangements without involving cis-trans isomerism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a molecule that has four different atoms or groups bonded to the carbon?

    <p>Chiral molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of enantiomers?

    <p>They have identical physical properties except for the direction they rotate plane-polarized light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe isomers that differ in the arrangement of substituents around a double bond or within a ring structure?

    <p>Cis-trans diastereomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of configurational and cis-trans diastereomers?

    <p>They have different physical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Carbohydrates Overview

    • Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules on Earth, produced by photosynthetic organisms.
    • They are chemically simpler than nucleic acids and proteins, containing only three elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

    Functions of Carbohydrates in Humans

    • Breakdown of carbohydrates provides energy (4 kcal/g) for the body.
    • Carbohydrate storage (glycogen) provides a short-term energy reserve.
    • Carbohydrates are metabolic precursors of virtually all other biomolecules.
    • They are part of the structural framework of DNA and RNA molecules.
    • Carbohydrates are important components of cell walls and extracellular structures in plants, animals, and bacteria.
    • They are involved in cell recognition and normal cell growth.

    Structural Definition of Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones or substances that yield these compounds upon hydrolysis.
    • Historically, carbohydrates were named based on their components (carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen), but some do not fit this formula.

    Classification of Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are classified based on the number of saccharide units.
    • Monosaccharides contain one saccharide unit, disaccharides contain two, and polysaccharides contain three or more.

    Monosaccharides

    • Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose.
    • Monosaccharides cannot be broken down into simpler units through hydrolysis reactions.

    Disaccharides

    • Contain two monosaccharide units.
    • Examples: sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), maltose.
    • Disaccharides are broken down into two monosaccharides through hydrolysis.

    Polysaccharides

    • Contain three or more monosaccharide units.
    • Examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin.

    Stereoisomerism

    • Stereoisomerism occurs when molecules have the same molecular and structural formulas but different spatial arrangements.
    • Subtypes of stereoisomerism: enantiomers and diastereomers.

    Chirality

    • Chirality occurs when a molecule has a non-superimposable mirror image.
    • Chiral molecules can be divided into enantiomers and diastereomers.

    Types of Monosaccharides

    • Based on the number of carbon atoms: trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses.
    • Based on the functional group: aldoses and ketoses.

    Biochemically Important Monosaccharides

    • D-Glucose: a primary energy source for cells, found in blood and urine.
    • D-Fructose: a sweetener, found in fruit and honey.
    • D-Galactose: a component of glycoproteins in brain and nerve tissue.

    Derivatives and Reactions of Monosaccharides

    • Oxidation to produce acidic sugar.
    • Reduction to produce alcohols.
    • Glycoside formation.
    • Phosphate ester formation.
    • Amino sugar formation.

    Disaccharides

    • Sucrose: a disaccharide of glucose and fructose.
    • Lactose: a disaccharide of glucose and galactose.
    • Maltose: a disaccharide of two glucose units.

    Polysaccharides

    • Starch: an energy storage polysaccharide in plants.
    • Glycogen: an energy storage polysaccharide in animals.
    • Cellulose: a structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls.
    • Chitin: a structural polysaccharide in animal exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.

    Blood Types and Oligosaccharides

    • Oligosaccharides attached to the plasma membrane of red blood cells determine blood type.
    • The fifth monosaccharide unit determines the blood type: A, B, AB, or O.

    Polysaccharide Division

    • Storage polysaccharides: starch and glycogen.
    • Structural polysaccharides: cellulose and chitin.
    • Acidic polysaccharides: hyaluronic acid and heparin.

    Carbohydrates Overview

    • Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules on Earth, produced by photosynthetic organisms.
    • They are chemically simpler than nucleic acids and proteins, containing only three elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

    Functions of Carbohydrates in Humans

    • Breakdown of carbohydrates provides energy (4 kcal/g) for the body.
    • Carbohydrate storage (glycogen) provides a short-term energy reserve.
    • Carbohydrates are metabolic precursors of virtually all other biomolecules.
    • They are part of the structural framework of DNA and RNA molecules.
    • Carbohydrates are important components of cell walls and extracellular structures in plants, animals, and bacteria.
    • They are involved in cell recognition and normal cell growth.

    Structural Definition of Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones or substances that yield these compounds upon hydrolysis.
    • Historically, carbohydrates were named based on their components (carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen), but some do not fit this formula.

    Classification of Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are classified based on the number of saccharide units.
    • Monosaccharides contain one saccharide unit, disaccharides contain two, and polysaccharides contain three or more.

    Monosaccharides

    • Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose.
    • Monosaccharides cannot be broken down into simpler units through hydrolysis reactions.

    Disaccharides

    • Contain two monosaccharide units.
    • Examples: sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), maltose.
    • Disaccharides are broken down into two monosaccharides through hydrolysis.

    Polysaccharides

    • Contain three or more monosaccharide units.
    • Examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin.

    Stereoisomerism

    • Stereoisomerism occurs when molecules have the same molecular and structural formulas but different spatial arrangements.
    • Subtypes of stereoisomerism: enantiomers and diastereomers.

    Chirality

    • Chirality occurs when a molecule has a non-superimposable mirror image.
    • Chiral molecules can be divided into enantiomers and diastereomers.

    Types of Monosaccharides

    • Based on the number of carbon atoms: trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses.
    • Based on the functional group: aldoses and ketoses.

    Biochemically Important Monosaccharides

    • D-Glucose: a primary energy source for cells, found in blood and urine.
    • D-Fructose: a sweetener, found in fruit and honey.
    • D-Galactose: a component of glycoproteins in brain and nerve tissue.

    Derivatives and Reactions of Monosaccharides

    • Oxidation to produce acidic sugar.
    • Reduction to produce alcohols.
    • Glycoside formation.
    • Phosphate ester formation.
    • Amino sugar formation.

    Disaccharides

    • Sucrose: a disaccharide of glucose and fructose.
    • Lactose: a disaccharide of glucose and galactose.
    • Maltose: a disaccharide of two glucose units.

    Polysaccharides

    • Starch: an energy storage polysaccharide in plants.
    • Glycogen: an energy storage polysaccharide in animals.
    • Cellulose: a structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls.
    • Chitin: a structural polysaccharide in animal exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.

    Blood Types and Oligosaccharides

    • Oligosaccharides attached to the plasma membrane of red blood cells determine blood type.
    • The fifth monosaccharide unit determines the blood type: A, B, AB, or O.

    Polysaccharide Division

    • Storage polysaccharides: starch and glycogen.
    • Structural polysaccharides: cellulose and chitin.
    • Acidic polysaccharides: hyaluronic acid and heparin.

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