Organic Chemistry: Alkanes
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Questions and Answers

Which property is characteristic of alkanes?

  • Presence of double bonds
  • Soluble in water
  • High boiling points
  • Non-polar and non-reactive (correct)

    • What is the general formula for alkenes?

  • CnH2n+2
  • CnHn+2
  • CnH2n (correct)
  • CnH2n-2

    • Which compound is an example of an alkyne?

  • Methane
  • Butyne (correct)
  • Propene
  • Butane

    • What is the naming prefix for highly branched alkanes?

    <p>neo-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about structural isomers?

    <p>They have the same molecular formula but different bond connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which suffix indicates the presence of a double bond in hydrocarbons?

    <p>-ene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of isomers has non-superimposable mirror images?

    <p>Enantiomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for propane?

    <p>C3H8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds fits the general formula CnH2n+2?

    <p>Butane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hydrocarbon is slightly soluble in water and has one or more double bonds?

    <p>Alkene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the properties of alkanes is correct?

    <p>They are non-polar and hydrophobic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the hydrocarbon that exhibits cis-trans isomerism.

    <p>Butene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly represents the molecular formula of an alkyne?

    <p>C4H6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hydrocarbon's reactivity increases with the number of triple bonds?

    <p>Alkyne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significant difference between alkenes and alkynes?

    <p>Alkenes have double bonds, while alkynes have triple bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prefix and suffix would be used to name a hydrocarbon with a triple bond and three carbon atoms?

    <p>Prop-yne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the unreactive nature of alkanes?

    <p>Strong C-H and C-C bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the boiling points and melting points of alkenes compare to those of alkanes?

    <p>They are significantly higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic property of alkynes?

    <p>They are highly reactive due to high energy triple bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a physical property of alkanes?

    <p>Low boiling points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic reaction of alkynes?

    <p>Addition reactions with hydrogen and halogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between alkenes and alkynes?

    <p>The type of bonds between carbon atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a chemical property of alkenes?

    <p>Reactivity due to high energy double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic property of alkanes?

    <p>Unreactivity due to strong C-H and C-C bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a chemical property of alkynes?

    <p>Reactivity due to high energy triple bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Alkanes

    • Definition: Saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds between carbon atoms
    • General formula: CnH2n+2
    • Properties:
      • Non-polar and non-reactive
      • Low boiling points and melting points
      • Insoluble in water, but soluble in non-polar solvents
    • Naming:
      • Use the prefix "n-" for straight-chain alkanes
      • Use the prefix "iso-" for branched alkanes
      • Use the prefix "neo-" for highly branched alkanes
    • Examples: methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8)

    Alkenes

    • Definition: Unsaturated hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds
    • General formula: CnH2n
    • Properties:
      • More reactive than alkanes due to the double bond
      • Higher boiling points and melting points than alkanes
      • Soluble in non-polar solvents, but less soluble in water
    • Naming:
      • Use the suffix "-ene" to indicate the presence of a double bond
      • Use the prefix "cis-" or "trans-" to indicate the stereochemistry of the double bond
    • Examples: ethene (C2H4), propene (C3H6), butene (C4H8)

    Alkynes

    • Definition: Unsaturated hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds
    • General formula: CnH2n-2
    • Properties:
      • More reactive than alkenes due to the triple bond
      • Higher boiling points and melting points than alkenes
      • Soluble in non-polar solvents, but less soluble in water
    • Naming:
      • Use the suffix "-yne" to indicate the presence of a triple bond
      • Use the prefix "cis-" or "trans-" to indicate the stereochemistry of the triple bond
    • Examples: ethyne (C2H2), propyne (C3H4), butyne (C4H6)

    Isomers

    • Definition: Molecules with the same molecular formula, but different structures
    • Types:
      • Structural isomers: different bond connections between atoms
      • Stereoisomers: same bond connections, but different 3D arrangements
      • Enantiomers: non-superimposable mirror images
    • Examples:
      • Butane (C4H10) has two structural isomers: n-butane and isobutane
      • 2-butene (C4H8) has two stereoisomers: cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene

    Alkanes

    • Saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds between carbon atoms
    • General formula: CnH2n+2
    • Non-polar and non-reactive, resulting in low boiling points and melting points
    • Insoluble in water, but soluble in non-polar solvents
    • Naming conventions include "n-" for straight-chain, "iso-" for branched, and "neo-" for highly branched alkanes
    • Examples include methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), and propane (C3H8)

    Alkenes

    • Unsaturated hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds
    • General formula: CnH2n
    • More reactive than alkanes due to the double bond
    • Higher boiling points and melting points than alkanes
    • Soluble in non-polar solvents, but less soluble in water
    • Naming conventions include using the suffix "-ene" and prefixes "cis-" or "trans-" to indicate stereochemistry
    • Examples include ethene (C2H4), propene (C3H6), and butene (C4H8)

    Alkynes

    • Unsaturated hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds
    • General formula: CnH2n-2
    • More reactive than alkenes due to the triple bond
    • Higher boiling points and melting points than alkenes
    • Soluble in non-polar solvents, but less soluble in water
    • Naming conventions include using the suffix "-yne" and prefixes "cis-" or "trans-" to indicate stereochemistry
    • Examples include ethyne (C2H2), propyne (C3H4), and butyne (C4H6)

    Isomers

    • Molecules with the same molecular formula, but different structures
    • Types of isomers include structural isomers, stereoisomers, and enantiomers
    • Structural isomers have different bond connections between atoms
    • Stereoisomers have the same bond connections, but different 3D arrangements
    • Enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images
    • Examples of isomers include butane (C4H10) with two structural isomers, and 2-butene (C4H8) with two stereoisomers

    Hydrocarbons

    • Alkanes:
      • Definition: Saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds between carbon atoms
      • General Formula: CnH2n+2
      • Non-polar and hydrophobic, insoluble in water, and soluble in non-polar solvents
      • Boiling point and melting point increase with molecular weight
      • Examples: Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), Propane (C3H8)
      • Nomenclature: Use prefixes (meth-, eth-, prop-) and suffix (-ane) to name alkanes

    Alkenes

    • Definition: Unsaturated hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds
    • General Formula: CnH2n
    • Properties:
      • Polar and slightly hydrophilic
      • Soluble in non-polar solvents and slightly soluble in water
      • Reactivity increases with the number of double bonds
    • Examples: Ethene (C2H4), Propene (C3H6), Butene (C4H8)
    • Nomenclature: Use prefixes (eth-, prop-, but-) and suffix (-ene) to name alkenes
    • Stereochemistry: Alkenes exhibit cis-trans isomerism

    Alkynes

    • Definition: Unsaturated hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds
    • General Formula: CnH2n-2
    • Properties:
      • Highly reactive and polar
      • Soluble in non-polar solvents and insoluble in water
      • Reactivity increases with the number of triple bonds
    • Examples: Ethyne (C2H2), Propyne (C3H4), Butyne (C4H6)
    • Nomenclature: Use prefixes (eth-, prop-, but-) and suffix (-yne) to name alkynes

    Alkanes

    • General formula is CnH2n+2, with single bonds between carbon atoms
    • Examples include methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), and propane (C3H8)
    • Physical properties include:
      • Low boiling points
      • Low melting points
      • Insolubility in water
      • Solubility in non-polar solvents
    • Chemical properties include:
      • Unreactivity due to strong C-H and C-C bonds
      • Combustion reactions with oxygen
      • Substitution reactions with halogens

    Alkynes

    • General formula is CnH2n-2, with triple bonds between carbon atoms
    • Examples include ethyne (C2H2) and propyne (C3H4)
    • Physical properties include:
      • Higher boiling points and melting points compared to alkanes
      • Solubility in non-polar solvents
      • Acidic properties
    • Chemical properties include:
      • High reactivity due to high energy triple bonds
      • Addition reactions with hydrogen, halogens, and other molecules
      • Polymerization reactions

    Alkenes

    • General formula is CnH2n, with double bonds between carbon atoms
    • Examples include ethene (C2H4) and propene (C3H6)
    • Physical properties include:
      • Higher boiling points and melting points compared to alkanes
      • Solubility in non-polar solvents
    • Chemical properties include:
      • Reactivity due to high energy double bonds
      • Addition reactions with hydrogen, halogens, and other molecules
      • Polymerization reactions
      • Geometric isomerism (cis-trans isomerism) due to restricted rotation around the double bond

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    Learn about the definition, general formula, properties, and naming of alkanes, including examples and their characteristics.

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