Organic Chemistry: Alkanes and Reactions

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Which of the following alkanes would have the highest boiling point?

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 (correct)

CH3CH2CH3

CH3CH2CH2CH3

CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3

Which of the following statements is true regarding the volatility of alkanes?

Volatility is not affected by branching.

Volatility increases with increasing molecular size.

Volatility is not affected by molecular size.

Volatility decreases with increasing branching. (correct)

Which of the following statements is true regarding the density of alkanes?

Density is not affected by molecular size.

Density is not affected by branching.

Density increases with increasing branching.

Density decreases with increasing molecular size. (correct)

Which of the following alkanes would be the most volatile?

CH3C(CH3)2CH3 Signup and view all the answers

What products are formed in heterolytic cleavage?

Carbocations and anions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of homolytic cleavage?

Formation of free radicals Signup and view all the answers

In the halogenation of methane, what is required for the reaction to occur?

Sunlight or UV light Signup and view all the answers

What type of species are formed when $CH_3Br$ undergoes heterolytic fission?

$CH_3^+$ and $Br^-$ Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the electron pair in the carbon-bromine bond during homolytic fission?

One electron is transferred the carbon atom, the other to the bromine atom. Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order for naming substituents in an organic compound?

Inorganic substituents first, then organic substituents Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an inorganic substituent?

NO2- (nitro) Signup and view all the answers

How should the position of a substituent be indicated in an organic compound?

With the smallest possible number Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct IUPAC name for the condensed structure CH3Cl?

Chloromethane Signup and view all the answers

Which prefix should be used to indicate two identical substituents?

Di- Signup and view all the answers

What is hybridization in the context of atomic orbitals?

The combination of two or more atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals. Signup and view all the answers

Why does carbon exhibit a covalency of four despite having only two unpaired electrons?

Hybridization allows a 2s electron to be promoted to a 2p orbital. Signup and view all the answers

What type of reactions do alkanes predominantly undergo?

Substitution reactions Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed between carbon atoms in pure alkanes?

Sigma bonds that can rotate freely. Signup and view all the answers

Why do alkanes have low reactivity?

They lack any double or triple bonds. Signup and view all the answers

In tetrachloromethane (CCl4), how many equivalent carbon-chlorine bonds are formed?

Four equivalent bonds are formed through hybridized orbitals. Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + HCl, what type of reaction is taking place?

Halogenation reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hybridization on the energy of the orbitals involved in bond formation?

Hybridization lowers the energy of the new hybrid orbitals. Signup and view all the answers

Which hydrocarbon has a lower boiling point based on size and volatility?

Hexane Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the bonds in alkanes is true?

C-H and C-C bonds are nonpolar. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of solvents can alkanes dissolve in?

Non-polar organic solvents Signup and view all the answers

What is the physical state of C₁₉ and above alkanes at room temperature?

Solids Signup and view all the answers

Why are alkanes insoluble in water?

Hydration energy is insufficient to overcome alkane's intermolecular forces. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the color of alkanes is true?

Alkanes are colorless in their pure state. Signup and view all the answers

In the halogenation of methane, what occurs during the initiation step?

A chlorine molecule breaks down into two chlorine free radicals. Signup and view all the answers

What products are formed when a chlorine free radical ($Cl$) abstracts a hydrogen atom from methane ($CH_4$) during the propagation step?

$CH_3$ and $HCl$ Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the role of free radicals in the halogenation of alkanes?

Free radicals initiate and propagate the chain reaction by continuously generating new reactive species. Signup and view all the answers

In the termination step of methane halogenation, which of the following reactions leads to the formation of ethane?

$CH_3 + CH_3 → C_2H_6$ Signup and view all the answers

When methane is in excess during halogenation, what is the major product formed?

Chloromethane ($CH_3Cl$) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an addition reaction?

Only one molecule is formed from the reactants. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an elimination reaction?

It results in the formation of multiple bonds while losing atoms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary result of hydrogenation in organic reactions?

It adds hydrogen molecules to an unsaturated compound. Signup and view all the answers

Which reaction process involves the removal of water from a species?

Dehydration Signup and view all the answers

What common chemical process occurs during saponification?

Formation of soap and glycerol from a fat. Signup and view all the answers

What is the IUPAC name of the compound $CH_3CH(CH_3)CH(Cl)CH(CH_3)CH_2CH_3$?

3-chloro-2,4-dimethylhexane Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct IUPAC name for the compound $ClCH_2CH_2CH_3$?

4-chloro-1-ethylpentane Signup and view all the answers

What is the IUPAC name of the compound $(CH_3)_2CH(CH_2)_2CH(Br)CH(CH_2CH_3)CH_3$?

5-bromo-2,6-dimethyloctane Signup and view all the answers

What is the IUPAC name of the compound $(CH_3)_3C-C(CH_3)_2CH_2-CH(Cl)CH_3$?

5-chloro-2,2,3,3-tetramethylhexane Signup and view all the answers

What is the IUPAC name for the compound $CH_3C(CH_3)_2(CH_2)_3C(CH_3)_3$?

2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of substituents in organic compounds?

Inorganic and organic substituents Signup and view all the answers

In which order should substituents be listed when naming an alkane with multiple substituents?

Inorganic groups first, followed by organic groups in alphabetical order Signup and view all the answers

How should the position of substituents on the parent chain be indicated?

With the least possible numbers to minimize confusion Signup and view all the answers

What prefix is used to indicate two identical substituents?

di- Signup and view all the answers

How are numbers and names separated in chemical nomenclature?

By commas for numbers and hyphens for names Signup and view all the answers

In the compound CH₃Cl, what is the IUPAC name?