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Questions and Answers
What is the general formula for alkanes?
What is the general formula for alkanes?
What type of isomerism involves different bond connectivity?
What type of isomerism involves different bond connectivity?
What is the suffix for alkenes in their nomenclature?
What is the suffix for alkenes in their nomenclature?
What is a characteristic of aromatic compounds?
What is a characteristic of aromatic compounds?
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What is the general formula for alkynes?
What is the general formula for alkynes?
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What is the term for molecules with a non-superimposable mirror image?
What is the term for molecules with a non-superimposable mirror image?
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What type of reaction do alkenes undergo?
What type of reaction do alkenes undergo?
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What is the term for the study of the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in molecules?
What is the term for the study of the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in molecules?
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Study Notes
Alkanes
- Saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds between carbon atoms
- General formula: CnH2n+2
- Nomenclature:
- Prefix: number of carbon atoms (meth-, eth-, prop-, etc.)
- Suffix: -ane
- Physical properties:
- Boiling points increase with molecular weight
- Solubility in water decreases with molecular weight
- Chemical properties:
- Undergo combustion reactions
- Can undergo substitution reactions with halogens
Alkenes
- Unsaturated hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds
- General formula: CnH2n
- Nomenclature:
- Prefix: number of carbon atoms (eth-, prop-, etc.)
- Suffix: -ene
- Physical properties:
- Boiling points lower than alkanes with similar molecular weight
- Solubility in water decreases with molecular weight
- Chemical properties:
- Undergo addition reactions (electrophilic addition)
- Can undergo polymerization reactions
Alkynes
- Unsaturated hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds
- General formula: CnH2n-2
- Nomenclature:
- Prefix: number of carbon atoms (eth-, prop-, etc.)
- Suffix: -yne
- Physical properties:
- Boiling points lower than alkenes with similar molecular weight
- Solubility in water decreases with molecular weight
- Chemical properties:
- Undergo addition reactions (electrophilic addition)
- Can undergo polymerization reactions
Stereochemistry
- Study of the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in molecules
- Types of isomerism:
- Structural isomerism: different bond connectivity
- Stereoisomerism: same bond connectivity, different 3D arrangement
- Stereoisomers:
- Enantiomers: non-superimposable mirror images
- Diastereomers: non-superimposable, non-mirror images
- Chirality:
- Molecules with a non-superimposable mirror image are chiral
- Chiral molecules can rotate plane-polarized light
Aromatic Compounds
- Hydrocarbons with planar, ring-shaped molecules
- General formula: CnHn
- Nomenclature:
- Prefix: number of carbon atoms (benz-, tolu-, etc.)
- Suffix: -ene (not always present)
- Physical properties:
- High melting and boiling points
- Low solubility in water
- Chemical properties:
- Undergo electrophilic substitution reactions
- Can undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions
Alkanes
- General formula: CnH2n+2
- Nomenclature: prefix indicates number of carbon atoms, suffix is -ane
- Physical properties:
- Boiling points increase with molecular weight
- Solubility in water decreases with molecular weight
- Chemical properties:
- Undergo combustion reactions
- Can undergo substitution reactions with halogens
Alkenes
- General formula: CnH2n
- Nomenclature: prefix indicates number of carbon atoms, suffix is -ene
- Physical properties:
- Boiling points lower than alkanes with similar molecular weight
- Solubility in water decreases with molecular weight
- Chemical properties:
- Undergo addition reactions (electrophilic addition)
- Can undergo polymerization reactions
Alkynes
- General formula: CnH2n-2
- Nomenclature: prefix indicates number of carbon atoms, suffix is -yne
- Physical properties:
- Boiling points lower than alkenes with similar molecular weight
- Solubility in water decreases with molecular weight
- Chemical properties:
- Undergo addition reactions (electrophilic addition)
- Can undergo polymerization reactions
Stereochemistry
- Study of the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in molecules
- Isomerism types:
- Structural isomerism: different bond connectivity
- Stereoisomerism: same bond connectivity, different 3D arrangement
- Stereoisomers:
- Enantiomers: non-superimposable mirror images
- Diastereomers: non-superimposable, non-mirror images
- Chirality:
- Molecules with a non-superimposable mirror image are chiral
- Chiral molecules can rotate plane-polarized light
Aromatic Compounds
- General formula: CnHn
- Nomenclature: prefix indicates number of carbon atoms, suffix is -ene (not always present)
- Physical properties:
- High melting and boiling points
- Low solubility in water
- Chemical properties:
- Undergo electrophilic substitution reactions
- Can undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions
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Description
Learn about the properties and characteristics of alkanes and alkenes, including their general formula, nomenclature, physical and chemical properties, and reactions.
