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Questions and Answers
What type of elements typically form ionic bonds?
What type of elements typically form ionic bonds?
What is the number of protons in the 79Se2– ion?
What is the number of protons in the 79Se2– ion?
How many electrons are present in the 79Se2– ion?
How many electrons are present in the 79Se2– ion?
What is the total number of neutrons in the 79Se2– ion?
What is the total number of neutrons in the 79Se2– ion?
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Which of the following is the correct chemical symbol for an ion with 22 protons, 26 neutrons, and 19 electrons?
Which of the following is the correct chemical symbol for an ion with 22 protons, 26 neutrons, and 19 electrons?
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What determines the atomic number of an element?
What determines the atomic number of an element?
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How is the mass of an atom in atomic mass units (amu) calculated?
How is the mass of an atom in atomic mass units (amu) calculated?
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What can be said about the mass of protons and neutrons?
What can be said about the mass of protons and neutrons?
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If an element has an atomic number of 12, how many protons does it have?
If an element has an atomic number of 12, how many protons does it have?
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Why is the mass of an electron often disregarded in atomic calculations?
Why is the mass of an electron often disregarded in atomic calculations?
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Which statement is true regarding elements and their atoms?
Which statement is true regarding elements and their atoms?
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What does not contribute to the mass of an atom in atomic mass units?
What does not contribute to the mass of an atom in atomic mass units?
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How are elements represented in chemistry?
How are elements represented in chemistry?
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Which statement is true regarding the representation of chemical elements?
Which statement is true regarding the representation of chemical elements?
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What is commonly overlooked when discussing atomic mass?
What is commonly overlooked when discussing atomic mass?
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What is the atomic number of the atom with 82 protons?
What is the atomic number of the atom with 82 protons?
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Which of the following represents the correct chemical symbol for the atom with 82 protons?
Which of the following represents the correct chemical symbol for the atom with 82 protons?
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How many neutrons are present in the atom that has 82 protons and 126 neutrons?
How many neutrons are present in the atom that has 82 protons and 126 neutrons?
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What is the mass number of the atom with 82 protons and 126 neutrons?
What is the mass number of the atom with 82 protons and 126 neutrons?
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If this atom has equal numbers of protons and electrons, what can be said about its overall charge?
If this atom has equal numbers of protons and electrons, what can be said about its overall charge?
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What term is used to refer to the rows in the periodic table?
What term is used to refer to the rows in the periodic table?
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What do the columns in the periodic table represent?
What do the columns in the periodic table represent?
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What characteristic can be observed in the chemical properties of elements across the periodic table?
What characteristic can be observed in the chemical properties of elements across the periodic table?
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How are the elements arranged within the periodic table?
How are the elements arranged within the periodic table?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between periods and groups in the periodic table?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between periods and groups in the periodic table?
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Which two elements are likely to show the greatest similarity in chemical and physical properties?
Which two elements are likely to show the greatest similarity in chemical and physical properties?
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What characteristic is shared by Ca and Mg that leads to their similarity?
What characteristic is shared by Ca and Mg that leads to their similarity?
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Which of the following pairs includes one metal and one non-metal?
Which of the following pairs includes one metal and one non-metal?
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Which element would likely have the least similar properties to the others listed?
Which element would likely have the least similar properties to the others listed?
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What type of bonding is most associated with the elements Ca and Mg?
What type of bonding is most associated with the elements Ca and Mg?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course Title: Organic Chemistry (AHS 111)
- Level: 1st level
- Semester: 1st semester
- Subject Instructor: Dr./ Hجاج حسن
- Institution: SPHINX University
- Department: Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology
- Intended Audience: Pharm D Students
Atomic Structure and Theory
-
Dalton's Atomic Theory:
- Elements composed of extremely small particles called atoms.
- All atoms of a given element are identical.
- Atoms of different elements are different.
- Atoms of one element cannot be changed into different elements.
- Compounds formed when atoms of more than one element combine.
-
Rutherford's Model:
- Atom contains a very small, dense nucleus.
- Electrons are around the outside of the atom.
- Most volume of the atom is empty space.
Subatomic Particles
- Protons: Discovered by Rutherford in 1919.
- Neutrons: Discovered by James Chadwick in 1932.
- Electrons: Negatively charged.
- Mass of Electron Compared to Proton & Neutron: Negligibly small compared to the mass of protons and neutrons.
- Charge of Subatomic Particles: Protons (positive), Neutrons (neutral), and Electrons (negative).
Symbols of Elements
- Elements represented by one or two letters.
- Atomic number (Z): The number of protons in an atom of an element.
- Mass number: The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
Isotopes
- Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
- Example: Different isotopes of carbon (¹¹C, ¹²C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C).
The Periodic Table
- Rows are called periods.
- Columns are called groups.
- Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties.
- Metallic elements are on the left side.
- Nonmetals are on the right side.
Atomic Mass
- Average mass calculated from isotopes weighted by their relative abundances.
- Atomic weight = ∑[(isotope mass) × (fractional isotope abundance)] over all isotopes of the element
Diatomic Molecules
- Seven elements occur naturally as molecules containing two atoms (H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂).
Chemical Formulas
- Subscripts indicate the number of atoms of each element in a molecule.
- Molecular compounds usually contain only nonmetals.
- Examples include H₂O (water), CO₂ (carbon dioxide).
Types of Formulas
- Empirical formula: Lowest whole-number ratio of atoms.
- Molecular formula: Exact number of atoms.
- Structural formula: Shows bonding order.
- Perspective drawings: Show three-dimensional arrangement.
Ions
- Atoms gain or lose electrons to form ions.
- Cations (positive): Formed by elements on the left of the periodic table.
- Anions (negative): Formed by elements on the right of the periodic table.
Ionic Bonds
- Ionic compounds (like NaCl) formed between metals and nonmetals.
- Metals lose electrons to form positively charged ions (cations).
- Nonmetals gain electrons to form negatively charged ions (anions).
Practice Questions
- Practice Problems: Provided in various slides to test understanding of the concepts learned. Problems for determining number of subatomic particles, writing chemical symbols, identification of ionic and molecular compounds.
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Description
Test your knowledge on atomic structure and Dalton's atomic theory in this quiz for AHS 111 Organic Chemistry. Explore models such as Rutherford's and understand the key concepts of protons, neutrons, and electrons as fundamental building blocks of matter.
