Organic Chemistry (CHM 221) Chapter 5.1

Stereochemistry deals with the three-dimensional structure of a molecule and how minor differences in structure can lead to vastly different properties.

Glucose and galactose are isomers, meaning they have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangement of their atoms. The difference lies in the orientation of the hydroxyl group at the position of carbon 4.

The difference between cellulose and starch lies in the orientation of the oxygen atom that joins two sugar rings. Cellulose has two equatorial bonds, while starch has one equatorial and one axial bond. This difference in stereochemistry makes cellulose indigestible by humans, whereas starch is a source of energy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enantiomers are a type of stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. They have the same molecular formula, but differ in their three-dimensional structure and thus, have distinct properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding enantiomers is crucial in drug development because different enantiomers of a drug can have different effects on the body. One enantiomer may be effective in treating a disease while its mirror image may be ineffective or even toxic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A stereogenic center is an atom in a molecule, often a carbon atom, that is bonded to four different groups. The presence of a stereogenic center can lead to chiral molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of the 3-dimensional structure of molecules and how it impacts their properties.

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms.

Isomers that have the same connectivity of atoms but different spatial arrangements.

Isomers that differ in the way atoms are connected.

A molecule or object that can be superimposed on its mirror image.

A molecule or object that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image.

A specific point in a molecule where four different groups are attached to a central atom, usually carbon.

A mirror plane that divides a molecule into two identical halves.

Nonsuperimposable mirror images of a molecule.

A chiral carbon atom with four different groups attached.

The difference in physical and chemical properties between enantiomers caused by their different interactions with other chiral molecules.

A mixture of equal amounts of two enantiomers.

A molecule with two or more chiral centers, but the molecule itself is achiral due to an internal plane of symmetry.

The conversion of one enantiomer into another.

The process of separating a racemic mixture into its individual enantiomers.

A carbon atom with two or more identical groups attached.

The study of how molecules interact with polarized light.

A molecule that rotates plane-polarized light to the right.

A molecule that rotates plane-polarized light to the left.

A measure of the amount of rotation of plane-polarized light by a chiral molecule.

A molecule that does not rotate plane-polarized light.

The ability of an achiral molecule to become chiral by reacting with a chiral reagent.

The study of stereochemistry and its effect on the biological activity of molecules.

The ability of a chiral molecule to recognize and bind to another molecule based on its specific chirality.

A molecule with two or more stereogenic centers where changing the configuration at one center also changes the configuration at another center.

A stereocenter whose configuration can be changed without breaking any covalent bonds.

A molecule with two or more stereogenic centers that have the same configuration.

A molecule with two or more stereogenic centers that have opposite configurations.

The process of converting a molecule with one stereogenic center into a molecule with two or more stereogenic centers.

The ability of a reagent or catalyst to selectively direct the formation of one stereoisomer over another.