Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Overview

Definition: Study of carbon-containing compounds, including their structure, properties, reactions, and synthesis.
Functional Groups: Key groups that determine the characteristics and reactions of organic molecules (e.g., alcohols, carboxylic acids, amines).
Isomerism: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements (e.g., structural, geometric, and optical isomers).
Reactions: Common types include substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement reactions.
Name Reactions: Important reactions named after their discoverers (e.g., Grignard reaction, aldol condensation).

Definition: Study of inorganic compounds, encompassing metals, minerals, and organometallic compounds.
Coordination Compounds: Complexes formed between metal ions and ligands; characterized by coordination number and geometry (e.g., octahedral, tetrahedral).
Periodic Table Trends:
- Atomic size decreases across a period and increases down a group.
- Electronegativity increases across a period and decreases down a group.
Acids and Bases: Lewis, Brønsted-Lowry definitions; classification of acids and bases into strong and weak.
Transition Metals: Exhibit variable oxidation states and form colored compounds; important for catalysis and biological functions.

Definition: Study of the physical properties and behavior of chemical systems.
Thermodynamics:
- Laws of thermodynamics, enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy.
- Concepts of spontaneous processes and equilibrium.
Kinetics: Rate of chemical reactions and factors affecting reaction rates (concentration, temperature, catalysts).
Quantum Chemistry: Describes the behavior of matter at the atomic and molecular level using quantum mechanics principles.
Spectroscopy: Techniques (e.g., NMR, IR, UV-Vis) used to study molecular structure and properties based on interaction with electromagnetic radiation.

Definition: Branch focused on qualitative and quantitative analysis of substances.
Techniques:
- Chromatography (e.g., HPLC, GC) for separating mixtures.
- Mass Spectrometry (MS) for identifying compounds based on mass-to-charge ratio.
- Spectrophotometry for measuring absorbance or transmittance of a substance.
Statistical Analysis: Important for interpreting experimental data, including error analysis and calibration methods.
Method Development: Process of creating and optimizing analytical procedures for specific applications.
Validation: Ensuring analytical methods are accurate, precise, specific, and reproducible.

Definition: Study of chemical processes within and related to living organisms.
Macromolecules:
- Proteins: Composed of amino acids; functions include catalysis, structure, and signaling.
- Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA; carriers of genetic information.
- Carbohydrates: Energy sources and structural components (e.g., sugars, starches).
- Lipids: Fatty acids and derivatives; involved in energy storage and membrane structure.
Metabolism:
- Catabolism: Breakdown of molecules to produce energy.
- Anabolism: Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones.
Enzymes: Biological catalysts that accelerate reactions; influenced by factors such as pH, temperature, and concentration.
Signal Transduction: Processes by which cells respond to external signals; involves receptors and second messengers.

The study of carbon-containing compounds
Focuses on structure, properties, reactions, and synthesis.
Functional groups determine the characteristics and reactions of organic molecules such as alcohols, carboxylic acids, and amines.
Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements, including structural, geometric, and optical isomers.
Common types of reactions include substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement reactions.
Important reactions are also named after their discoverers, such as the Grignard reaction and the aldol condensation.

The study of inorganic compounds such as metals, minerals, and organometallic compounds.
Coordination compounds are complexes formed between metal ions and ligands, characterized by coordination number and geometry, such as octahedral and tetrahedral.
Trends in the periodic table are important in inorganic chemistry:
- Atomic size decreases across a period and increases down a group.
- Electronegativity increases across a period and decreases down a group.
Acids and bases are classified by definitions such as Lewis, Brønsted-Lowry, and strong and weak acids and bases.
Transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states and form colored compounds, which make them important in catalysis and biological functions.

The study of physical properties and behavior of chemical systems.
Thermodynamics investigates the laws of thermodynamics, such as enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy, and concepts of spontaneous processes and equilibrium.
Kinetics studies the rate of chemical reactions and factors affecting rates, such as concentration, temperature, and catalysts.
Quantum chemistry describes the behavior of matter at the atomic and molecular level using quantum mechanics principles.
Spectroscopy utilizes techniques such as NMR, IR, and UV-Vis to study molecular structure and properties based on interaction with electromagnetic radiation.

Focuses on qualitative and quantitative analysis of substances.
Chromatography separates mixtures using techniques like HPLC and GC.
Mass spectrometry identifies compounds based on mass-to-charge ratio.
Spectrophotometry measures absorbance or transmittance of a substance.
Statistical analysis is involved in interpreting experimental data, including error analysis and calibration methods.
Method development creates and optimizes analytical procedures for specific applications.
Validation ensures analytical methods are accurate, precise, specific, and reproducible.

The study of chemical processes within and related to living organisms.
Macromolecules include:
- Proteins, composed of amino acids, involved in catalysis, structure, and signaling.
- Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, which carry genetic information.
- Carbohydrates, such as sugars and starches, are energy sources and structural components.
- Lipids, containing fatty acids and derivatives, are involved in energy storage and membrane structure.
Metabolism consists of catabolism, the breakdown of molecules to produce energy, and anabolism, which synthesizes complex molecules from simpler ones.
Enzymes are biological catalysts accelerating reactions that are influenced by factors such as pH, temperature, and concentration.
Signal transduction is a process by which cells respond to external signals, involving receptors and second messengers.