(4.6) CANCER

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Questions and Answers

What advantage does a monoclonal antibody targeting CD15 provide in cancer treatment?

It can treat any type of cancer.

It targets a tumor-specific marker. (correct)

It reduces side effects of chemotherapy.

It enhances the overall immune response.

Which protein was specifically mentioned as being associated with anaplastic large cell lymphoma?

PAX5

CD15

CD30

NPM-ALK (correct)

In personalized medicine, what is the primary benefit of identifying tumor-specific markers?

It enables the creation of targeted therapies. (correct)

It allows for more aggressive treatment strategies.

It guarantees a complete remission of cancer.

It reduces the need for biopsies.

What characteristic is associated with tumors that appear chaotic under microscopic examination?

Irregular growth patterns. Signup and view all the answers

How can monoclonal antibodies potentially enhance the effectiveness of targeted drug therapies?

By delivering drugs directly to specific tumor cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of monoclonal antibodies in cancer treatment?

To provide targeted therapeutics Signup and view all the answers

How does radioisotope therapy enhance treatment efficacy?

By targeting specific cancer cell types Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'conjugated' refer to in the context of targeted drug therapies?

Attaching other substances to enhance drug efficacy Signup and view all the answers

What type of antibodies is cetuximab classified as?

IgG1 antibodies Signup and view all the answers

In cancer treatments, what is a major advantage of using monoclonal antibodies?

They enable precise targeting of specific cell types Signup and view all the answers

What benefit does radio labeling provide in targeted therapies?

It provides targeted radiation therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer is specifically mentioned as being treated with targeted drugs?

Childhood neuroblastoma Signup and view all the answers

What method does anti-CD30 use to target cancer cells?

By binding to CD30 and delivering a toxin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of targeting toxins to antibodies in cancer treatment?

It allows for direct delivery of toxins, minimizing side effects Signup and view all the answers

How does radioactive isotope therapy improve cancer treatment outcomes?

By targeting radiation specifically to cancer cell types Signup and view all the answers

What role do NK (natural killer) cells play in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)?

They recognize cancer cells marked by antibodies and kill them Signup and view all the answers

What does the binding of antibodies to cancer cells signal to CD8 T cells?

That they should enhance the immune response against those cells Signup and view all the answers

In targeted drug therapies, what is the purpose of conjugating drugs to antibodies?

To directly deliver drugs into cancer cells and reduce systemic effects Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major benefits of using targeted therapies like anti-CD30 in cancer treatment?

They usually work faster than most chemotherapeutics Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism describes how tumors can signal NK cells to attack cancer cells?

By using antibodies as signals to guide NK cells Signup and view all the answers

What process does the use of CD8 T cells in cancer treatment rely on?

Their capacity to target and destroy cells marked by antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characterizes the concept of a 'Trojan horse' in targeted drug therapies?

Therapies allow toxins to enter cancer cells without detection Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of a yellow spot indicate in tumor cells concerning chromosome 8?

It shows hybridization of probes to normal chromosome 8. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is used to identify Reed–Sternberg tumor cells in Hodgkin's lymphoma?

Owl's eyes morphology. Signup and view all the answers

What type of fusion protein is involved in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma due to the translocation of genes?

ALK-NPM fusion protein. Signup and view all the answers

What role do monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) play in cancer immunotherapy?

They target cell-surface antigens to enhance immune response. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic staining pattern is associated with tumor cells that express CD30?

Intense brown staining at the cell surface. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of Hodgkin's lymphoma at the cellular level?

Malignant B cells comprise a small minority of tumor cells. Signup and view all the answers

How can antibodies be utilized to specifically kill cancer cells?

They deliver toxins directly to the cancer cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of tumor-specific antigens?

They result from mutations acquired during oncogenesis. Signup and view all the answers

How are leukemias primarily classified?

By cellular lineage. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Kaposi’s sarcoma is correct?

Immunosuppression is a significant risk factor for its development. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature shared by all cancer-causing cells?

Presence of tumor-specific antigens. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to normal cell production in the presence of leukemia?

Replacement by abnormal cells occurs over time. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a tumor-associated antigen?

An antigen present on both cancerous and some normal cells. Signup and view all the answers

How does the mutation of somatic cells contribute to cancer?

Mutations generate tumor-specific antigens. Signup and view all the answers

What can cause the decreased production of red blood cells in leukemia patients?

Accumulation of cancerous white blood cells in the bone marrow. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common feature of cancer cells?

Dependence on external growth signals. Signup and view all the answers

What describes a malignant tumor?

Capable of uncontrolled and invasive growth. Signup and view all the answers

What is an oncogene?

A mutated or unregulated gene that can lead to tumor formation. Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the process of metastasis in cancer?

Invasive growth of primary tumor cells into adjacent tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What role do tumor suppressor genes play?

They encode proteins that prevent cells from becoming cancerous. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is typically involved in the progression to cancer?

Chronic inflammation or irritation by external substances. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes adenocarcinomas from adenomas?

Adenocarcinomas originate from glandular tissue and are malignant. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of an oncogenic virus?

It contributes to the development of cancer under specific conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical timeframe for the accumulation of mutations leading to cancerous transformation?

10-20 years. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about tumor antigen expression is true?

Tumor antigens increase the likelihood of immune recognition. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Rejection in Organ Transplantation

Rejection depends on the number of mismatches
Lower mismatches are better
Men have a more complicated process than women; require Y matching in addition to major histocompatibility antigens.

Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD)

GVHD can sometimes help with certain cancers like blood cancers (leukemia)
GVHD can affect blood cancers in a good way since it targets the cancer cells, not the host

Transplantation Nuances

HLA haploidentical family members are typically the preferred donors for transplantation
This is frequently more likely if numerous siblings exist
Cousins can also be similar enough genetically
Alloreactive NK cells can help in transplantations, particularly with haploidentical transplants.

Cancer

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the US, 2019.
Cancer affects many organs and cell types
The idea of one cure for all cancer types is improbable
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells, due to mutations

Cancer Detection

Cancer can be detected by medical imaging, such as x-rays and mammograms.
Early detection is crucial and often leads to better treatment outcomes.
Early-stage cancer detection often leads to more aggressive treatments like targeted therapy

Immunological Techniques for Cancer Treatment

Antibodies targeting tumor antigens can eliminate the cancer or cause it to die naturally
The advantage of antibody treatment is that it is very targeted, unlike chemotherapy, which is non-specific and can cause damage to healthy cells
The ability to identify a specific marker on a cancer cell helps to create very powerful treatments

Cancer Growth and Spread

Cancer usually grows slowly over time. However, it depends on the type of cells involved.
Cancer cells can become more aggressive and invasive
Cancer can spread from its origin to other tissues, a process called metastasis.
Metastasis can occur in multiple different systems, making it harder to treat overall.
The doubling of cancer cells is a key indicator of how rapidly a tumor is growing

Oncogenic and Tumor Suppressor Genes

Oncogenes promote abnormal cell growth.
Tumor suppressor genes can slow down cell growth.
Mutations in these genes can lead to uncontrolled cell division, which is a hallmark of cancer.

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Description

Explore the complexities of organ transplantation, including rejection mechanisms, and the role of graft versus host disease in cancer treatment. Understand the importance of genetic matching in transplants and the challenges presented by cancer as a leading health issue.