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Questions and Answers

What advantage does a monoclonal antibody targeting CD15 provide in cancer treatment?

  • It can treat any type of cancer.
  • It targets a tumor-specific marker. (correct)
  • It reduces side effects of chemotherapy.
  • It enhances the overall immune response.

Which protein was specifically mentioned as being associated with anaplastic large cell lymphoma?

  • PAX5
  • CD15
  • CD30
  • NPM-ALK (correct)

In personalized medicine, what is the primary benefit of identifying tumor-specific markers?

  • It enables the creation of targeted therapies. (correct)
  • It allows for more aggressive treatment strategies.
  • It guarantees a complete remission of cancer.
  • It reduces the need for biopsies.

What characteristic is associated with tumors that appear chaotic under microscopic examination?

<p>Irregular growth patterns. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can monoclonal antibodies potentially enhance the effectiveness of targeted drug therapies?

<p>By delivering drugs directly to specific tumor cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of monoclonal antibodies in cancer treatment?

<p>To provide targeted therapeutics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does radioisotope therapy enhance treatment efficacy?

<p>By targeting specific cancer cell types (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'conjugated' refer to in the context of targeted drug therapies?

<p>Attaching other substances to enhance drug efficacy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of antibodies is cetuximab classified as?

<p>IgG1 antibodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cancer treatments, what is a major advantage of using monoclonal antibodies?

<p>They enable precise targeting of specific cell types (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What benefit does radio labeling provide in targeted therapies?

<p>It provides targeted radiation therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer is specifically mentioned as being treated with targeted drugs?

<p>Childhood neuroblastoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method does anti-CD30 use to target cancer cells?

<p>By binding to CD30 and delivering a toxin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of targeting toxins to antibodies in cancer treatment?

<p>It allows for direct delivery of toxins, minimizing side effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does radioactive isotope therapy improve cancer treatment outcomes?

<p>By targeting radiation specifically to cancer cell types (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do NK (natural killer) cells play in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)?

<p>They recognize cancer cells marked by antibodies and kill them (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the binding of antibodies to cancer cells signal to CD8 T cells?

<p>That they should enhance the immune response against those cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In targeted drug therapies, what is the purpose of conjugating drugs to antibodies?

<p>To directly deliver drugs into cancer cells and reduce systemic effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major benefits of using targeted therapies like anti-CD30 in cancer treatment?

<p>They usually work faster than most chemotherapeutics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism describes how tumors can signal NK cells to attack cancer cells?

<p>By using antibodies as signals to guide NK cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process does the use of CD8 T cells in cancer treatment rely on?

<p>Their capacity to target and destroy cells marked by antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characterizes the concept of a 'Trojan horse' in targeted drug therapies?

<p>Therapies allow toxins to enter cancer cells without detection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of a yellow spot indicate in tumor cells concerning chromosome 8?

<p>It shows hybridization of probes to normal chromosome 8. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is used to identify Reed–Sternberg tumor cells in Hodgkin's lymphoma?

<p>Owl's eyes morphology. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fusion protein is involved in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma due to the translocation of genes?

<p>ALK-NPM fusion protein. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) play in cancer immunotherapy?

<p>They target cell-surface antigens to enhance immune response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic staining pattern is associated with tumor cells that express CD30?

<p>Intense brown staining at the cell surface. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of Hodgkin's lymphoma at the cellular level?

<p>Malignant B cells comprise a small minority of tumor cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can antibodies be utilized to specifically kill cancer cells?

<p>They deliver toxins directly to the cancer cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of tumor-specific antigens?

<p>They result from mutations acquired during oncogenesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are leukemias primarily classified?

<p>By cellular lineage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Kaposi’s sarcoma is correct?

<p>Immunosuppression is a significant risk factor for its development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature shared by all cancer-causing cells?

<p>Presence of tumor-specific antigens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to normal cell production in the presence of leukemia?

<p>Replacement by abnormal cells occurs over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a tumor-associated antigen?

<p>An antigen present on both cancerous and some normal cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the mutation of somatic cells contribute to cancer?

<p>Mutations generate tumor-specific antigens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause the decreased production of red blood cells in leukemia patients?

<p>Accumulation of cancerous white blood cells in the bone marrow. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common feature of cancer cells?

<p>Dependence on external growth signals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes a malignant tumor?

<p>Capable of uncontrolled and invasive growth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an oncogene?

<p>A mutated or unregulated gene that can lead to tumor formation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the process of metastasis in cancer?

<p>Invasive growth of primary tumor cells into adjacent tissues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do tumor suppressor genes play?

<p>They encode proteins that prevent cells from becoming cancerous. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is typically involved in the progression to cancer?

<p>Chronic inflammation or irritation by external substances. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes adenocarcinomas from adenomas?

<p>Adenocarcinomas originate from glandular tissue and are malignant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of an oncogenic virus?

<p>It contributes to the development of cancer under specific conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical timeframe for the accumulation of mutations leading to cancerous transformation?

<p>10-20 years. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about tumor antigen expression is true?

<p>Tumor antigens increase the likelihood of immune recognition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Monoclonal Antibodies

Antibodies produced in a laboratory setting that are identical and target a specific substance.

Targeted cancer therapies

Cancer treatments that specifically target cancer cells, minimizing harm to healthy cells.

Neuroblastoma

A type of cancer affecting nerve tissue, often with a poor prognosis.

Conjugated antibodies

Antibodies linked to other substances, enabling targeted therapies and radiation.

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Targeted radiation

Radiation therapy that specifically targets cancer cells, minimizing collateral damage to healthy tissues.

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Tumor antigen

A protein unique to tumor cells that can be used to target treatments.

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Antibody-drug targeting

Utilizing antibodies to direct toxins or other treatments to tumor cells.

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Personalized cancer treatment

Using specific characteristics of a tumor to develop targeted therapies

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Tumor-specific markers

Proteins or molecules uniquely found on cancer cells, allowing targeted treatment.

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CD15 antibody treatment

If CD15 is a tumor-specific marker, an antibody targeting it can likely treat the cancer if targeted correctly.

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Anaplastic large cell lymphoma

A type of cancer with a hallmark of chaotic growth patterns.

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NPM-ALK fusion protein

A protein combination found exclusively on certain cancer cells, allowing for targeted drug delivery.

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Antibody-toxin conjugation

Attaching toxins to antibodies that bind to cancer cells, delivering the toxin directly to kill tumor cells.

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Radioactive isotopes

Using radioactive substances attached to antibodies to target and destroy cancer cells.

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Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Using antibodies to recruit and activate immune cells (like NK cells) to kill cancer cells.

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CD30

A protein on some cancer cells that can be targeted by specific antibodies.

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NK cells and CD8 T cells

Types of immune cells that can recognize and destroy cancer cells.

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Chemotherapy

A general cancer treatment that uses strong drugs to kill rapidly dividing cells.

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Tumor cells

Abnormal cells that grow and divide uncontrollably, forming a tumor.

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Antibody-targeting

A method for cancer treatment in which antibodies are used to directly target and eliminate cancer cells.

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Targeted therapy

Cancer treatment methods that target specific molecules or pathways that cancer cells use to grow and spread.

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Benign Tumor

A localized, non-invasive tumor that is contained by epithelial barriers and does not spread to other tissues.

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Malignant Tumor

A tumor that is capable of uncontrolled and invasive growth, spreading to other tissues and potentially causing death.

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Oncogene

A mutated or unregulated gene that promotes abnormal cell proliferation, potentially leading to tumor formation.

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Tumor Suppressor Gene

A gene that normally helps to prevent cells from becoming cancerous by regulating cell growth and division.

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Metastasis

The spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to other parts of the body, forming secondary tumors.

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Oncogenic Virus

A virus that contributes to causing cancer by altering the genetic material of cells.

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Adenocarcinoma

A malignant tumor that originates from glandular tissue.

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What are the main characteristics of a benign tumor?

Benign tumors are localized, non-invasive, and contained by epithelial barriers. They do not spread to other tissues.

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How does a malignant tumor differ from a benign one?

A malignant tumor is capable of uncontrolled and invasive growth, meaning it can spread to other tissues. This invasive property makes it very dangerous, as it can lead to metastasis and death.

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Translocation in lymphoma

A genetic change where a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. This can lead to the overexpression of a gene that promotes tumor growth, like the MYC gene in Burkitt's lymphoma.

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Hodgkin's Lymphoma

A type of cancer that affects the lymph nodes and is characterized by a specific type of cell called a Reed-Sternberg cell. These cells lack the normal markers of a B cell.

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Immunotherapy for cancer

Treatment that leverages the body's own immune system to fight cancer. This can involve using antibodies, which target specific molecules on cancer cells, or boosting the immune system's ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells.

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CD30 & CD15

These are protein markers often found on the surface of certain cancer cells. Antibodies targeting these markers can be used to deliver therapies or aid in diagnosis.

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What are tumor-specific antigens?

Antigens unique to tumor cells, not found in healthy cells. They arise from mutations during cancer development.

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What are tumor-associated antigens?

Antigens present on some tumor cells, but also on certain normal cells. They may not be unique to cancer, but are found in higher amounts on tumor cells.

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What is the relationship between mutations and tumor-specific antigens?

Mutations in the DNA of cancer cells create new proteins, which act as tumor-specific antigens. The immune system recognizes these mutated proteins as foreign.

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What are the common features of cancer cells?

Cancer cells share seven key features, including uncontrolled growth, evading apoptosis, sustaining proliferative signaling, inducing angiogenesis, enabling replicative immortality, activating invasion and metastasis, and genome instability.

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What are leukemias?

Cancers of blood-forming cells, characterized by uncontrolled production of abnormal cells that replace normal cells in the bone marrow.

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How do leukemias affect the body?

The overproduction of cancerous white blood cells crowds out the space for other blood cell development, leading to anemia, easy bruising, and bleeding.

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What is the key characteristic of Kaposi's sarcoma?

Kaposi's sarcoma is a cancer specifically found in people with weakened immune systems, usually due to HIV infection or immunosuppressive drugs.

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Why does HPV vaccination prevent genital cancers?

HPV vaccination introduces specific antigens that trigger an immune response, protecting individuals from HPV-related infections that can lead to genital cancers.

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How does the immune system play a role in fighting cancer?

The immune system can recognize and destroy cancer cells through mechanisms like cell-mediated immunity, antibody-mediated immunity, and natural killer cell activity.

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Study Notes

Rejection in Organ Transplantation

  • Rejection depends on the number of mismatches
  • Lower mismatches are better
  • Men have a more complicated process than women; require Y matching in addition to major histocompatibility antigens.

Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD)

  • GVHD can sometimes help with certain cancers like blood cancers (leukemia)
  • GVHD can affect blood cancers in a good way since it targets the cancer cells, not the host

Transplantation Nuances

  • HLA haploidentical family members are typically the preferred donors for transplantation
  • This is frequently more likely if numerous siblings exist
  • Cousins can also be similar enough genetically
  • Alloreactive NK cells can help in transplantations, particularly with haploidentical transplants.

Cancer

  • Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the US, 2019.
  • Cancer affects many organs and cell types
  • The idea of one cure for all cancer types is improbable
  • Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells, due to mutations

Cancer Detection

  • Cancer can be detected by medical imaging, such as x-rays and mammograms.
  • Early detection is crucial and often leads to better treatment outcomes.
  • Early-stage cancer detection often leads to more aggressive treatments like targeted therapy

Immunological Techniques for Cancer Treatment

  • Antibodies targeting tumor antigens can eliminate the cancer or cause it to die naturally
  • The advantage of antibody treatment is that it is very targeted, unlike chemotherapy, which is non-specific and can cause damage to healthy cells
  • The ability to identify a specific marker on a cancer cell helps to create very powerful treatments

Cancer Growth and Spread

  • Cancer usually grows slowly over time. However, it depends on the type of cells involved.
  • Cancer cells can become more aggressive and invasive
  • Cancer can spread from its origin to other tissues, a process called metastasis.
  • Metastasis can occur in multiple different systems, making it harder to treat overall.
  • The doubling of cancer cells is a key indicator of how rapidly a tumor is growing

Oncogenic and Tumor Suppressor Genes

  • Oncogenes promote abnormal cell growth.
  • Tumor suppressor genes can slow down cell growth.
  • Mutations in these genes can lead to uncontrolled cell division, which is a hallmark of cancer.

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Description

Explore the complexities of organ transplantation, including rejection mechanisms, and the role of graft versus host disease in cancer treatment. Understand the importance of genetic matching in transplants and the challenges presented by cancer as a leading health issue.

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