Organ Systems and Muscle Anatomy

Definition: Groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions.
Major Organ Systems:
- Circulatory System: Transports blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes.
- Respiratory System: Facilitates gas exchange; includes lungs and airways.
- Digestive System: Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste.
- Nervous System: Controls body functions through nerve signals.
- Musculoskeletal System: Provides structure, support, and movement; includes bones and muscles.
- Endocrine System: Regulates bodily functions through hormones.
- Immune System: Defends against pathogens and disease.
- Reproductive System: Responsible for producing offspring.
- Integumentary System: Protects the body; includes skin, hair, and nails.
- Urinary System: Eliminates waste and regulates water and electrolyte balance.

Types of Muscle Tissue:
- Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary, striated, attached to bones for movement.
- Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary, striated, found in the heart; pumps blood.
- Smooth Muscle: Involuntary, non-striated, found in hollow organs (e.g., intestines, blood vessels).
Muscle Structure:
- Muscle Fiber: Basic unit of muscle; contains myofibrils made of actin and myosin.
- Fascicle: Bundle of muscle fibers.
- Epimysium: Connective tissue wrapping the entire muscle.
- Perimysium: Connective tissue wrapping each fascicle.
- Endomysium: Connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers.

Integration of Systems: Organ systems work together for homeostasis.
Examples of System Interactions:
- Nervous and Endocrine: Coordinate body responses.
- Musculoskeletal and Circulatory: Enable movement and deliver oxygen to tissues.
- Digestive and Circulatory: Absorb nutrients and distribute them throughout the body.

Components: Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
CNS: Comprises the brain and spinal cord; processes information.
PNS: Includes all nerves outside the CNS; connects limbs and organs to the CNS.
Functions:
- Sensory Input: Receives stimuli from the environment.
- Integration: Processes sensory information and decides on responses.
- Motor Output: Sends commands to muscles and glands for action.
Neurons: Basic functional units; transmit nerve impulses.
Glial Cells: Support, protect, and nourish neurons.

Cell Structure:
- Plasma Membrane: Semi-permeable barrier; controls entry/exit of substances.
- Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA); regulates cell activities.
- Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance where cellular processes occur.
- Organelles: Specialized structures (e.g., mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus).
Cell Functions:
- Metabolism: Chemical processes for energy and growth.
- Protein Synthesis: Translation of DNA instructions to produce proteins.
- Cell Division: Mitosis (growth) and meiosis (reproduction).
Cell Communication: Cells communicate through signaling molecules and receptors, coordinating functions.

These notes provide an overview of the key aspects of anatomy and physiology relevant to the specified subtopics.

Organ systems are groups of organs that collaborate to execute complex bodily functions.
The Circulatory System transports blood, nutrients, gases, and waste products throughout the body.
The Respiratory System is responsible for gas exchange, involving structures like the lungs and airways.
The Digestive System encompasses processes that break down food, absorb vital nutrients, and eliminate waste materials.
The Nervous System regulates body functions using nerve signals to communicate between different parts of the body.
The Musculoskeletal System combines bones and muscles to provide structure, support, and enable movement.
The Endocrine System controls physiological activities by secreting hormones that regulate various bodily functions.
The Immune System acts as the body's defense mechanism against pathogens and diseases.
The Reproductive System operates to produce offspring and ensure species continuation.
The Integumentary System protects the body’s internal structures and includes skin, hair, and nails.
The Urinary System removes waste products and maintains water and electrolyte balance within the body.

Muscle tissue is categorized into three types: Skeletal Muscle (voluntary and striated), Cardiac Muscle (involuntary and striated), and Smooth Muscle (involuntary and non-striated).
Muscle Fiber is the fundamental unit of muscle, consisting of myofibrils containing actin and myosin for contraction.
A Fascicle is a bundle of muscle fibers grouped together.
Epimysium refers to the connective tissue that encases the entire muscle.
Perimysium wraps around each fascicle, while Endomysium surrounds individual muscle fibers, contributing to muscle structure.

Organ systems interact continuously to maintain homeostasis in the body.
The Nervous and Endocrine systems collaborate to coordinate physiological responses to stimuli.
The Musculoskeletal and Circulatory systems work together to facilitate movement and oxygen delivery to tissues.
The Digestive and Circulatory systems are integrated to absorb nutrients and distribute them effectively throughout the body.

The nervous system is divided into the Central Nervous System (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), encompassing all other nerves.
The CNS processes information, while the PNS connects various limbs and organs to the CNS.
Sensory Input involves receiving outside stimuli, while Integration is about processing this information to decide how to respond.
Motor Output refers to the communication of commands to muscles and glands for action execution.
Neurons are the core functional units of the nervous system that transmit nerve impulses, while Glial Cells provide essential support and protection for neurons.

Cell Structure includes the Plasma Membrane (semi-permeable barrier), Nucleus (houses DNA and controls cell activities), and Cytoplasm (a gel-like matrix for cellular processes).
Organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus perform specialized tasks within cells.
Cell Functions encompass essential processes like metabolism for energy and growth, protein synthesis directed by DNA instructions, and cell division through mitosis (for growth) and meiosis (for reproduction).
Cells communicate using signaling molecules and receptors, allowing for coordinated physiological functions across different systems.