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Questions and Answers
What does the Pauli exclusion principle imply about electrons in an atom?
What does the Pauli exclusion principle imply about electrons in an atom?
- Electrons can occupy the same orbital if they have different spin states.
- Electrons must possess unique sets of quantum numbers to avoid pairing. (correct)
- Electrons have the ability to share orbitals if they are in different energy levels.
- All electrons will occupy the lowest energy orbitals regardless of quantum numbers.
Which statement best describes Hund's rule?
Which statement best describes Hund's rule?
- Electrons fill orbitals in pairs before filling singly.
- Electrons in degenerate orbitals must be in pairs with opposite spins.
- Electrons fill available orbitals in order of decreasing energy.
- Each orbital in a degenerate set must be singly occupied before any pairing occurs. (correct)
According to the Aufbau principle, how does electron filling occur?
According to the Aufbau principle, how does electron filling occur?
- Electrons fill the lowest available energy levels first. (correct)
- Electrons fill orbitals from highest to lowest energy first.
- Electrons occupy higher energy orbitals before lower ones.
- Electrons can fill any orbital irrespective of energy levels.
What characteristic is true for the d-block elements in terms of electron configuration?
What characteristic is true for the d-block elements in terms of electron configuration?
Which statement correctly describes electron shielding among d-block elements?
Which statement correctly describes electron shielding among d-block elements?
Which statement accurately describes the order of filling of orbitals for transition metals?
Which statement accurately describes the order of filling of orbitals for transition metals?
Why are Cr and Cu's electron configurations considered exceptions?
Why are Cr and Cu's electron configurations considered exceptions?
When comparing atomic radii, how do d-block elements generally behave?
When comparing atomic radii, how do d-block elements generally behave?
What typically occurs to ionization energy as one moves across the d-block elements?
What typically occurs to ionization energy as one moves across the d-block elements?
What is the primary impact of electron-electron repulsions in the context of transition metals' electron configurations?
What is the primary impact of electron-electron repulsions in the context of transition metals' electron configurations?
Which atomic property is affected by electron configurations in d-block elements?
Which atomic property is affected by electron configurations in d-block elements?
In which circumstance does the Aufbau Principle fail for transition metals?
In which circumstance does the Aufbau Principle fail for transition metals?
Which of the following correctly describes the atomic radius trend among transition metals?
Which of the following correctly describes the atomic radius trend among transition metals?
What is the relationship between the first ionisation energy and the removal of valence electrons?
What is the relationship between the first ionisation energy and the removal of valence electrons?
Which element has the highest electronegativity according to the Pauling scale?
Which element has the highest electronegativity according to the Pauling scale?
What is the general trend of electronegativity across the transition metal series?
What is the general trend of electronegativity across the transition metal series?
How is electron affinity generally characterized for EA1?
How is electron affinity generally characterized for EA1?
Which of the following statements about EA2 is correct?
Which of the following statements about EA2 is correct?
What trend is generally observed in the atomic radius of transition metals?
What trend is generally observed in the atomic radius of transition metals?
What factor contributes to the increased ionisation energy after removing valence electrons?
What factor contributes to the increased ionisation energy after removing valence electrons?
What is a characteristic of d-block elements regarding their electron configuration?
What is a characteristic of d-block elements regarding their electron configuration?
Which of these elements exhibits an increase in electronegativity down the group?
Which of these elements exhibits an increase in electronegativity down the group?
What is the expected trend of ionisation energy from magnesium (Mg) to aluminium (Al)?
What is the expected trend of ionisation energy from magnesium (Mg) to aluminium (Al)?
What is the primary determining factor for the order of electron addition in orbital filling?
What is the primary determining factor for the order of electron addition in orbital filling?
In the context of electron configuration, what does the notation [Ar] represent?
In the context of electron configuration, what does the notation [Ar] represent?
Which statement correctly describes Hund's rule?
Which statement correctly describes Hund's rule?
How does the atomic radius trend across the d-block elements?
How does the atomic radius trend across the d-block elements?
What is the effect of electron shielding on ionization energy within d-block elements?
What is the effect of electron shielding on ionization energy within d-block elements?
For nickel (Ni), what is the correct full electron configuration?
For nickel (Ni), what is the correct full electron configuration?
What does the term 'noble gas configuration' refer to in electron configurations?
What does the term 'noble gas configuration' refer to in electron configurations?
How does the general configuration of d-block elements typically appear?
How does the general configuration of d-block elements typically appear?
What is the importance of the principle quantum number (n) in determining an element's electron configuration?
What is the importance of the principle quantum number (n) in determining an element's electron configuration?
Which principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers?
Which principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers?
What effect does electron shielding have on the ionization energy of transition metals?
What effect does electron shielding have on the ionization energy of transition metals?
Which electronic configuration correctly represents a transition metal in the d-block?
Which electronic configuration correctly represents a transition metal in the d-block?
What characteristic of d-orbitals contributes to the exceptional properties of transition metals?
What characteristic of d-orbitals contributes to the exceptional properties of transition metals?
Which statement accurately describes the atomic radius trend in transition metals?
Which statement accurately describes the atomic radius trend in transition metals?
What general trend is observed in the ionization energy of transition metals as you move from left to right across the d-block?
What general trend is observed in the ionization energy of transition metals as you move from left to right across the d-block?
Which quantum number represents the shape of d-orbitals in transition metals?
Which quantum number represents the shape of d-orbitals in transition metals?
Why do transition metals often form colored compounds?
Why do transition metals often form colored compounds?
Which factor primarily influences the variation of atomic radius in transition metals?
Which factor primarily influences the variation of atomic radius in transition metals?
Which of the following correctly matches a property with transition metals?
Which of the following correctly matches a property with transition metals?
In terms of electron configuration, which statement is true for transition metals?
In terms of electron configuration, which statement is true for transition metals?
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Study Notes
Orbital Filling and Electronic Configuration
- Hund's rule states that electrons will singly occupy orbitals within a degenerate set before pairing up.
- The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same four quantum numbers.
- The Aufbau principle states that electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy, starting with the lowest energy level.
d-Orbitals
- d-Orbitals are directional and have two nodal planes.
- d-Orbitals are five-fold degenerate, meaning they all have the same energy.
- d-orbitals have a sign change that does not occur through the center.
Electronic Configuration of Transition Metals
- The electronic configuration of transition metals is determined by the order of orbital filling, which is not always consistent with the Aufbau principle.
- It is important to note the exceptions to the Aufbau principle for transition metals.
Electronic Configuration Exceptions
- The electronic configurations of Cr ([Ar]3d54s1) and Cu ([Ar]3d104s1) are exceptions to the Aufbau principle, as the half-filled and fully-filled d-orbitals are more stable.
- The stability of half-filled and fully-filled d-orbitals is not always observed, as tungsten (W) follows the Aufbau principle.
- The electronic configuration of transition metals is influenced by the relative energies of the nd and (n+1)s orbitals, as well as electron-electron repulsion.
Simplified Electronic Configuration
- The electronic configuration of a transition metal can be simplified using the noble gas notation. For example, the electronic configuration of nickel (Ni) is [Ar]4s2, 3d8.
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