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Questions and Answers
What is the appropriate immediate treatment for a patient experiencing difficulty breathing due to an obstruction?
What is the appropriate immediate treatment for a patient experiencing difficulty breathing due to an obstruction?
What is a sign of a severe allergic reaction?
What is a sign of a severe allergic reaction?
Which of the following is part of the MONA treatment for ischemia of heart tissue?
Which of the following is part of the MONA treatment for ischemia of heart tissue?
What is typically the first line of treatment for hypoglycemia in a conscious patient?
What is typically the first line of treatment for hypoglycemia in a conscious patient?
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What should be done if a person is experiencing symptoms of hyperventilation?
What should be done if a person is experiencing symptoms of hyperventilation?
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Which of the following conditions does NOT warrant the use of supplemental oxygen?
Which of the following conditions does NOT warrant the use of supplemental oxygen?
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In the context of chest pain treatment, what does NTG stand for?
In the context of chest pain treatment, what does NTG stand for?
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What is a common symptom of a stroke?
What is a common symptom of a stroke?
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Which type of bone exhibits the best primary stability for implants?
Which type of bone exhibits the best primary stability for implants?
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What is the characteristic of Type IV bone regarding implant prognosis?
What is the characteristic of Type IV bone regarding implant prognosis?
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Which surgical procedure is specifically designed to move the upper jaw forward or upward?
Which surgical procedure is specifically designed to move the upper jaw forward or upward?
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Which fracture is the most common type among mandibular fractures?
Which fracture is the most common type among mandibular fractures?
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What is a common complication associated with a Bisagittal split osteotomy (BSSO)?
What is a common complication associated with a Bisagittal split osteotomy (BSSO)?
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What does osseointegration specifically refer to?
What does osseointegration specifically refer to?
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Which of the following describes a Greenstick fracture?
Which of the following describes a Greenstick fracture?
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What is the purpose of distraction osteogenesis?
What is the purpose of distraction osteogenesis?
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Study Notes
Implant Stability & Types
- Primary stability: initial biomechanical stability of the implant when placed.
- Secondary stability: osseointegration (long-term) of the implant into the bone.
- Osseointegration: direct bone-implant connection.
- Implant types, from most to least dense bone quality:
- Type I: anterior mandible (best primary stability)
- Type II: posterior mandible (best osseointegration)
- Type III: anterior maxilla
- Type IV: posterior maxilla (worst prognosis)
Facial Trauma & Surgical Procedures
- Orthognathic surgery: corrects facial bone abnormalities.
- Midface fractures: Le Fort I, II, and III fractures.
- Le Fort I: horizontal fracture across the maxilla
- Le Fort II: pyramidal fracture involving the maxilla
- Le Fort III: complete craniofacial disjunction impacting the orbits and nasal bones
- Mandibular fractures: common fractures include condyle, angle, and symphysis.
- Fracture Types:
- Simple: closed fracture
- Compound: open fracture (breaks skin)
- Greenstick: partial thickness fracture
- Comminuted: fractured in multiple pieces
- Surgical Procedures:
- Le Fort I osteotomy: for retrusive maxilla; moves upper jaw.
- Bisagittal Split Osteotomy (BSSO): for retrusive or protrusive mandible; splits mandible to adjust position. Major complication: inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) damage.
- Distraction osteogenesis: gradual traction for bone deposition. Has stages: osteotomy -> latency -> distraction.
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Disorders
- TMJ disorders: nonsurgical and surgical treatments.
- Nonsurgical treatments: counseling, medical therapy (NSAIDs, steroids, analgesics, muscle relaxants), physical therapy, occlusal splint.
- Surgical treatments:
- Arthrocentesis: flushing the superior joint space.
- Arthroscopy: using instruments in the superior joint space.
- Arthroplasty: disc repositioning surgery.
- Discectomy: disc repair or removal.
- Condylotomy: vertical ramus osteotomy.
- Total joint replacement.
Medical Emergencies - General Steps
- SPORT: Stops treatment, positions the patient, oxygen, reassure, take vitals.
Medical Emergencies - Specific Conditions
- Airway Obstruction: difficulty breathing, signs/symptoms hands around neck, treatment (Clear airway, check for breathing, chin tilt, back blows, Heimlich maneuver).
- Anaphylactic Shock: severe allergic reaction, signs/symptoms rash, difficulty breathing, low BP, nausea, vomiting; treatment (albuterol, epinephrine, antihistamine, oxygen, EMS).
- Asthma: difficulty breathing due to bronchiole constriction; signs/symptoms wheezing; treatment (albuterol inhaler).
- Angina: chest pain due to ischemia of heart tissue; treatment (oxygen, nitroglycerin (NTG), aspirin). Note: Administer NTG multiple times with 5-minute intervals, then aspirin, and EMS. Patient position upright.
- Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack): ischemia of heart tissue with necrosis; signs/symptoms chest pain, difficulty breathing, nausea/vomiting, pain in jaw, neck, or arm; treatment (MONA: morphine, oxygen, nitroglycerin, aspirin, EMS). Patient position upright.
- Epinephrine Overdose: due to intravascular injections of local anesthetic with epinephrine; signs/symptoms increased BP and HR; treatment (beta blockers); prevention via calculating correct dosage of local anesthetic, aspirate during injection.
- Hyperventilation: breathing uncontrollably; signs/symptoms dizzy, weak, lightheaded; treatment; sit upright, reduce O2 intake, relaxation techniques. Note: only condition where supplemental O2 is contraindicated.
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Diabetic Complications:
- Hypoglycemia: sweating, pale, irritable, hungry, sleepy; treatment (conscious: glucose tab, juice; unconscious: IV dextrose, IM glucagon, EMS).
- Hyperglycemia: dry mouth, thirst, headache, blurred vision, weak; treatment (activate EMS).
- Seizure: abnormal brain electrical activity; signs/symptoms uncontrollable jerking, staring, temporary loss of consciousness or awareness; treatment (remove objects from mouth, do not restrain, benzodiazepine); Subtypes: Grand mal (dilantin, phenytoin), status epilepticus (valium, diazepam).
- Stroke: blocked blood supply to the brain or burst blood vessel; signs/symptoms facial droop, arm drift, slurred speech; treatment (administer O2, EMS).
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Syncope (Fainting): most common emergency.
- Vasovagal syncope: anxiety related
- Orthostatic hypotension: blood pressure decreases upon standing; signs/symptoms reduced HR and BP, loss of consciousness; treatment (supine or left lateral decubitus (pregnant) position).
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Description
This quiz covers implant stability, focusing on primary and secondary stability as well as types of implants based on bone quality. It also explores facial trauma and surgical procedures, including orthognathic surgery and classifications of midface and mandibular fractures. Test your knowledge on these critical aspects of oral surgery.
