Oral Health Prevention Tips Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which practice accelerates tooth decay by increasing the acidity of the mouth?

  • Avoiding alcohol and tobacco
  • Using fluoride toothpaste
  • Minimizing medications with oral effects
  • Frequent snacking on sugary foods (correct)

    • What is an effective method to disrupt plaque below the gum line and between the teeth?

  • Using a water flosser (correct)
  • Using fluoride toothpaste
  • Avoiding alcohol and tobacco
  • Brushing with a soft toothbrush

    • Which factor is essential in protecting enamel and aiding in remineralization?

  • Frequent snacking on sugary foods
  • Minimizing medications with oral effects
  • Regular brushing with a soft toothbrush (correct)
  • Avoiding fluoride toothpaste

    • What is a comparable preventive step to using fluoride toothpaste for oral health?

    <p>Minimizing medications with oral effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option provides an effective alternative for people with dental appliances or dexterity issues for plaque removal?

    <p>Super Floss(R) or water flossers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal bacteria responsible for the initiation of dental caries?

    <p>Streptococcus mutans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following surfaces are the most frequent sites of early decay for dental caries?

    <p>Fissures and pits on occlusal surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if dental caries extend to the underlying dentin without management?

    <p>They result in acute pulpitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action can help prevent demineralization of enamel caused by bacterial acids?

    <p>Regular brushing and proper oral hygiene practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protective action does saliva provide in preventing dental caries?

    <p>It has antibacterial action that helps cleanse the teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key benefits of fluoride in preventing dental caries?

    <p>Strengthens enamel and helps resist acid attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main mechanisms of action of fluoride?

    <p>Inhibits bacterial metabolism and acid production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended protective factor for enamel remineralization?

    <p>Selecting candy or crackers over cheese or raw carrots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can carious lesions be stopped or reversed if identified early?

    <p>By modifying the patient’s individual risk and protective factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following practices can help minimize the impact of oral diseases?

    <p>Educating patients on oral health prevention steps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor plays a significant role in promoting enamel remineralization?

    <p>Exposing teeth to fluoride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended frequency for flossing according to the text?

    <p>Flossing between all teeth that touch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)?

    <p>To estimate the average weight of hemoglobin in each RBC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reference range for Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Content (MCHC)?

    <p>31-37 g/dL (310-370 g/L)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does RBC Distribution Width (RDW) measure?

    <p>The width of distribution of RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is commonly associated with neutrophil hyposegmentation?

    <p>Pelger-Huet Anomaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Content (MCHC) calculated?

    <p>By dividing hemoglobin by hematocrit value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Reactive Lymphocytes?

    <p>To aid in the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hemoglobin in the blood?

    <p>To transport oxygen to tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of platelets in the blood?

    <p>To help blood clot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reference range for Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)?

    <p>80-100 fL/cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of macrocytic anemia?

    <p>Folate or vitamin B12 deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of microcytic anemia?

    <p>Iron deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for hematocrit in women?

    <p>42-52%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of polycythemia vera?

    <p>A genetic mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of white blood cells?

    <p>To fight infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of red blood cells?

    <p>To transport oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between anemia and polycythemia?

    <p>Anemia is a deficiency of red blood cells, while polycythemia is an excess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in cancer treatment?

    <p>Release of T-cells from a state of unresponsiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following genes is associated with non-small cell lung cancer and is targeted by ALK TKIs?

    <p>ALK</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the response rate of ALK TKIs in patients with ALK gene mutations?

    <p>47-83%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in cell growth?

    <p>It leads to cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common adverse effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors?

    <p>Adverse effects specific to each drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of primary care, urgent care, EM, and IM PAs in cancer treatment decisions?

    <p>They are not involved in the decision-making process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of EGFR TKIs in cancer treatment?

    <p>Inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the response rate of EGFR TKIs in patients with EGFR gene mutations?

    <p>At least 70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which platinum-based chemotherapy agents, such as cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin, work?

    <p>By binding to DNA and interfering with synthesis, leading to cellular apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of checkpoint inhibitors, such as nivolumab, in the treatment of lung cancer?

    <p>To block the binding of PD-L1 to PD-1, allowing T-cells to recognize and attack cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of resistance to cisplatin in cancer cells?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary adverse effect of oxaliplatin in the treatment of lung cancer?

    <p>Cold-induced and cumulative neuropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the immune response?

    <p>To present antigens to T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which cancer cells evade the immune system?

    <p>By expressing high levels of PD-L1 and binding to PD-1 on T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of neoadjuvant therapy in the treatment of lung cancer?

    <p>Improved event-free survival and response rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of chemotherapy in the treatment of lung cancer?

    <p>By binding to DNA and interfering with synthesis, leading to cellular apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of CTLA-4 and PD-1 in the immune response?

    <p>To inhibit the immune response and prevent excessive inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary basis for the development of resistance to carboplatin in cancer cells?

    <p>Myelosuppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    What is Cancer?

    • Cancer is when cells grow uncontrollably due to genetic alterations.
    • These alterations affect genes, which are the instruction manual for cell behavior.
    • Cancerous cells can invade or damage nearby tissues or travel to other locations.

    Treatment Strategies

    • Neoadjuvant therapy: giving drugs before surgery or radiation.
    • Adjuvant therapy: giving drugs after surgery or radiation.
    • Combination therapies can include chemotherapy, checkpoint inhibitors, and targeted therapies.

    Traditional Treatment of Lung Cancer

    • Platinum-based chemotherapy: Cisplatin, Carboplatin, and Oxaliplatin.
    • Platinum moieties bind to DNA, interfering with synthesis, leading to cellular apoptosis.

    Cisplatin Resistance

    • Decreasing drug uptake
    • Increasing drug efflux
    • Inducing drug detoxification
    • DNA repair mechanisms

    Adverse Effects of Lung Cancer Treatment

    • Severe N/V: managed with 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (like ondansetron)
    • Nephrotoxic: more important with cisplatin, mitigated by aggressive IV hydration
    • Myelosuppression: more important with carboplatin and oxaliplatin
    • Neurotoxic: cold-induced and cumulative neuropathy with oxaliplatin
    • Ototoxic, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, and hypokalemia

    Immunology Refresher

    • MHC on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) presents antigens to T-cell receptor (TCR)
    • 2nd signal often required for T-cell activation, like CD80 from APC to CD28 on T-cell
    • Activated T-cells bring CTLA-4 and PD-1 to their surface to prevent excessive inflammation

    How Cancer Subverts Immunology

    • Cancer cells can bind to inhibitory receptors on T-cells and deactivate them
    • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) target these receptors to prevent deactivation

    Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

    • 2011: first approval for ICIs
    • Over 80 FDA-approved uses for over 17 concerns
    • Considered the standard of care in modern oncology
    • AE: autoimmune response to normal tissues, treated with corticosteroids

    PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors

    • Nivolumab (Opdivo), PD-1
    • Pembrolizumab (Keytruda), PD-1
    • Cemiplimab (Libtayo), PD-1
    • Atezolizumab (Tecentriq), PD-L1
    • Durvalumab (Imfinzi), PD-L1

    CTLA-4 Inhibitors

    • Ipilimumab (Yervoy)
    • Tremelimumab (Imjudo)

    Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors

    • Gene mutations cause abnormal cell behaviors
    • Tyrosine kinases are involved in cell growth processes
    • Each has their own adverse effects, monitoring parameters, and contraindications

    ALK Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors

    • ALK gene codes for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), involved in cell growth
    • Mutated forms of ALK gene and protein found in non-small cell lung cancer
    • ALK TKIs recommended as first-line therapy in patients with ALK gene mutations, with response rates between 47-83%

    EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors

    • EGF-R gene codes for Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Receptor on cell surface
    • Mutations in the gene can cause EGF-R upregulation on cancer cells
    • EGFR TKIs recommended as first-line therapy in patients with EGFR gene mutations, with response rates of at least 70%

    Final Thoughts

    • Decisions on cancer treatments are ultimately not up to primary care, urgent care, EM, or IM PAs
    • Recognize these drugs and their potential adverse effects, which can be acute symptoms seen in patients

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    Description

    Test your knowledge about preventive steps for maintaining good oral health, including brushing and flossing techniques, avoiding sugary foods, using fluoride toothpaste, and more. Learn how to protect your teeth and gums by following these oral hygiene tips.

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