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Questions and Answers
What is the characteristic texture of the attached gingiva?
What is the characteristic texture of the attached gingiva?
Which of the following types of cells is NOT found in the periodontal ligament (PDL)?
Which of the following types of cells is NOT found in the periodontal ligament (PDL)?
What is the average width of the periodontal ligament?
What is the average width of the periodontal ligament?
At what stage of life does stippling in the gingiva typically begin to appear?
At what stage of life does stippling in the gingiva typically begin to appear?
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Which group of fibers is NOT classified as part of the periodontal ligament?
Which group of fibers is NOT classified as part of the periodontal ligament?
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What is one of the main roles of fibroblasts in the periodontal ligament?
What is one of the main roles of fibroblasts in the periodontal ligament?
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What happens to gingival stippling with age?
What happens to gingival stippling with age?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the periodontal ligament?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the periodontal ligament?
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What is the primary cell type found in the gingival epithelium?
What is the primary cell type found in the gingival epithelium?
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Which type of gingival epithelium is characterized by no nuclei in the stratum corneum?
Which type of gingival epithelium is characterized by no nuclei in the stratum corneum?
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Which cells are specifically known for melanin production in the gingival epithelium?
Which cells are specifically known for melanin production in the gingival epithelium?
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What is the structure above the papillary layer of connective tissue in gingiva?
What is the structure above the papillary layer of connective tissue in gingiva?
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Which type of fibers comprises 60% of the volume in the connective tissue of gingiva?
Which type of fibers comprises 60% of the volume in the connective tissue of gingiva?
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What is one main function of gingival fibers?
What is one main function of gingival fibers?
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Which type of epithelial tissue retains nuclei in the stratum corneum?
Which type of epithelial tissue retains nuclei in the stratum corneum?
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Which cellular component acts as a phagocytic agent in the gingival epithelium?
Which cellular component acts as a phagocytic agent in the gingival epithelium?
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What is the maximum thickness of the outer/oral epithelium?
What is the maximum thickness of the outer/oral epithelium?
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Which layer is NOT part of the outer/oral epithelium?
Which layer is NOT part of the outer/oral epithelium?
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What is the primary function of sulcular epithelium?
What is the primary function of sulcular epithelium?
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What is the length range of the junctional epithelium?
What is the length range of the junctional epithelium?
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How is biological width defined?
How is biological width defined?
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What is the thickness of the histological sulcus?
What is the thickness of the histological sulcus?
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Which component is primarily responsible for the protective function of the gingival epithelium?
Which component is primarily responsible for the protective function of the gingival epithelium?
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The outer/oral epithelium can be described as consisting of which type of cells?
The outer/oral epithelium can be described as consisting of which type of cells?
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What is the normal probing depth of a clinically healthy gingival sulcus?
What is the normal probing depth of a clinically healthy gingival sulcus?
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Which structure primarily lines the free margin of the gingiva?
Which structure primarily lines the free margin of the gingiva?
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What is NOT a function of the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)?
What is NOT a function of the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)?
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What type of epithelium is predominantly present in the gingiva?
What type of epithelium is predominantly present in the gingiva?
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How does the gingival sulcus contribute to periodontal diagnosis?
How does the gingival sulcus contribute to periodontal diagnosis?
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What does GCF contain that aids in the function of the epithelium?
What does GCF contain that aids in the function of the epithelium?
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What feature of the gingiva is affected in the presence of diastema?
What feature of the gingiva is affected in the presence of diastema?
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What characterizes the shape of the gingival sulcus?
What characterizes the shape of the gingival sulcus?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the periodontium?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the periodontium?
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What defines the width of the attached gingiva?
What defines the width of the attached gingiva?
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Which type of mucosa covers the dorsum of the tongue?
Which type of mucosa covers the dorsum of the tongue?
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What shape does the interdental gingiva usually take beneath the area of tooth contact?
What shape does the interdental gingiva usually take beneath the area of tooth contact?
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Which of the following statements about marginal gingiva is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about marginal gingiva is TRUE?
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In which area of the mouth is the width of attached gingiva typically greatest?
In which area of the mouth is the width of attached gingiva typically greatest?
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What is the primary function of the periodontium?
What is the primary function of the periodontium?
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What structure separates the attached gingiva from the marginal gingiva?
What structure separates the attached gingiva from the marginal gingiva?
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Study Notes
Outer/Oral Epithelium (OE)
- Covers the crest and outer surface of marginal gingiva and the surface of attached gingiva.
- Thickness ranges from 0.2 to 0.3 mm.
- Composition includes keratinized, parakeratinized, or a combination of both.
- Consists of four layers:
- Stratum Basale (Basal Layer)
- Stratum Spinosum (Prickle Cell Layer)
- Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer)
- Stratum Corneum (Cornified Layer)
Sulcular Epithelium (SE)
- Lines the gingival sulcus.
- Thin, non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
- Extends from the coronal limit of junctional epithelium to the crest of gingival margin.
- Functions as a semipermeable membrane for bacterial products and gingival tissue fluid.
Junctional Epithelium (JE)
- Collar-like band of non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium.
- Length varies from 0.25 to 1.35 mm.
- Results from the fusion of oral epithelium and reduced enamel epithelium during tooth eruption.
Biological Width (BW)
- Defined as the distance from the junctional epithelium to connective tissue attachment to the tooth root = 2.04 mm.
- Histological components:
- Sulcus depth = 0.69 mm
- Epithelial attachment = 0.97 mm
- Connective tissue attachment = 1.07 mm
Gingival Epithelium Functions
- Protects deeper structures while allowing selective interchange with the oral environment.
- Achieved through keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation:
- Proliferation occurs via mitosis in the basal layer.
- Differentiation involves keratinization.
Gingiva Keratinization
- Orthokeratinized epithelia: Complete keratinization with no nuclei in the stratum corneum.
- Parakeratinized epithelia: Retained nuclei in the stratum corneum.
- Non-keratinized epithelia: Lacks granulosum and corneum strata, viable nuclei in superficial cells.
Cellular Components of Gingival Epithelium
- Primarily keratinocytes.
- Other cell types include:
- Langerhans cells for phagocytosis.
- Merkel cells for sensory function.
- Melanocytes for melanin production.
Connective Tissue (C.T.)
- Major components include collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers.
- Collagen fibers (Type I) account for 60% of volume.
- Comprises fibroblasts, vessels, nerves, and matrix, filling spaces between fibers and cells.
- Known as the lamina propria, consisting of:
- Papillary layer under the epithelium.
- Reticular layer contiguous with alveolar bone's periosteum.
Gingival Fibers Functions
- Brace marginal gingiva against teeth.
- Provide rigidity for masticatory forces.
- Gingival texture is stippled, similar to orange peel.
- Present in attached gingiva; absent in marginal gingiva and infancy.
- Stippling develops in children and diminishes in older age.
Periodontal Ligament (PDL)
- Connective tissue surrounding tooth roots, linking them to the bone.
- Average width is approximately 0.2 mm.
- Composed mainly of type I collagen fiber bundles.
- Contains cell rests of Malassez.
- Cell types include connective tissue, epithelial rest cells, immune, and neurovascular cells.
- Functions involve remodeling, nutrition, protection, and transmission of occlusal forces.
Oral Mucosa Zones
- Masticatory mucosa: gingiva + hard palate.
- Specialized mucosa: dorsum of the tongue.
- Lining mucosa: alveolar mucosa + floor of the mouth.
Periodontium
- Comprises components surrounding and supporting teeth:
- Gingiva.
- Periodontal ligament (PDL).
- Cementum.
- Alveolar bone.
Gingiva Divisions
- Marginal gingiva: Unattached collar around teeth, free gingival groove present in 50% of cases.
- Attached gingiva: Continuous with marginal gingiva, firmly bound to underlying periosteum, width varies across the mouth.
- Interdental gingiva: Occupies interproximal space, can be pyramidal or "col" shaped depending on dental architecture.
Gingival Sulcus
- Shallow V-shaped space around teeth, permitting periodontal probe insertion.
- Clinical probing depth ranges from 0-3 mm for normal sulcus depth.
Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF)
- Diagnostic biomarker reflecting the health status of the periodontium, fluctuating with inflammation.
- Components include connective tissue, epithelium, inflammatory cells, and serum.
- Functions:
- Cleansing material from the sulcus.
- Enhancing epithelial adhesion to the tooth.
- Antimicrobial properties.
- Antibody activity for gingival defense.
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Description
Explore the characteristics and layers of the outer/oral epithelium, particularly focusing on the marginal and attached gingiva. This quiz covers the structure, thickness, and types of keratinization in the epithelium, providing insights into its biological significance.
