Oral Communication: Nature and Elements

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Questions and Answers

Which communication model emphasizes the linear transmission of a message from sender to receiver, often used for its simplicity in illustrating basic communication?

  • Helical Model
  • Aristotelian Model (correct)
  • Transactional Model
  • Interactive Model

Which of the following best describes a situation where intercultural communication is most likely to require careful negotiation of meaning due to differing worldviews?

  • A business negotiation between representatives from countries with vastly different cultural norms. (correct)
  • A tourist asking for directions in a foreign city.
  • Friends video chatting across different time zones.
  • Students from different countries collaborating on a research project.

Which communicative strategy is employed when a participant in a conversation skillfully redirects the discussion to a new, but related, subject?

  • Topic Shifting (correct)
  • Nomination
  • Repair
  • Topic Control

In a scenario where a speaker uses a formal tone, precise language, and avoids contractions, which speech style are they most likely employing?

<p>Formal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of speech delivery provides the speaker with the greatest control over the message and precise wording, often chosen for sensitive topics?

<p>Reading from a Manuscript (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of speech acts, what term describes the actual act of uttering words and constructing a meaningful statement?

<p>Locutionary Act (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the repair communicative strategy?

<p>A speaker correcting a misstatement or clarifying a point. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When evaluating an oral communication activity, which aspect refers to analyzing whether verbal and nonverbal cues align with the speaker's intended message?

<p>Cue Consistency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a panel discussion, what communicative strategy is primarily used by the moderator to ensure balanced participation and prevent any single member from dominating the conversation?

<p>Turn-taking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of an expository speech?

<p>To inform and educate the audience about a specific topic. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the process of communication as described by Niklas Luhmann, what is the role of 'alter'?

<p>The one who imparts the information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the most significant potential for miscommunication due to a breakdown in shared context and understanding?

<p>A doctor explaining a diagnosis to a patient without considering the patient's health literacy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents a situation requiring a 'frozen' speech style?

<p>The recitation of a national pledge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a high-stakes negotiation, which type of speech delivery would be LEAST appropriate if maintaining trust and showing sincerity are crucial?

<p>Memorized Speech (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a speaker strategically uses pauses, varies their vocal tone, and makes eye contact to emphasize key points, which principle of effective speech delivery are they primarily employing?

<p>Modulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario exemplifies effective 'topic control' in a group discussion?

<p>The moderator steering the discussion back to the central issue after a brief tangent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk associated with using an 'impromptu speech' style in a highly formal setting?

<p>Potential lack of organization and imprecise language. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element of speech writing involves tailoring the message to resonate with the audience's beliefs, values, and level of understanding?

<p>Analyzing the Audience (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a persuasive speech, which strategy is most effective for establishing credibility and rapport with a skeptical audience?

<p>Acknowledging opposing viewpoints and addressing them respectfully. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios represents a breakdown in communication due to a failure in the 'perlocutionary act'?

<p>A speaker intends to comfort someone, but their words are interpreted as offensive. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is least relevant when considering ethical communication?

<p>Concision of arguments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a person nods, maintains eye contact, and leans forward while another person is speaking, this would signify the use of which type of non-verbal cue?

<p>Attentive listening cues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of speeches would primarily emphasize the use of vivid language, sensory details, and storytelling techniques to create an immersive experience for the audience?

<p>An entertainment speech at a comedy club. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A speaker says "Could you, perhaps, consider the alternative?" instead of "Consider the alternative!". What specific strategy is the speaker utilizing?

<p>Euphemism to soften a direct suggestion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A politician promises they will bring sweeping change, a revolution, and complete transformation, but provides no clear steps to bring this vision to life. What is the primary shortfall of this message?

<p>Insufficient actionability of message. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'Intercultural Communication'?

<p>The exchange of ideas across varied cultural backgrounds and languages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes memorized speech difficult to accomplish?

<p>The chance of forgetting. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What element in communication ensures that social systems continue to work?

<p>Understanding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the principles of effective speech delivery would be LEAST affected if the speaker's microphone suddenly stopped working during their speech?

<p>Stage Presence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates a failure to effectively use 'Nomination' as a communicative strategy?

<p>A participant starts a discussion of a topic that is too broad. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a scenario where a speaker is asked to give a speech on a topic they are completely unfamiliar with and have no time to prepare what kind of speech is it?

<p>Impromptu speech. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the first element in the mnemonic of the TYPES of communicative strategy?

<p>Turn-taking. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is the best definition of the Speech Act theory?

<p>An approach analyzing how words are used to perform actions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When delivering a persuasive speech, understanding the audience is important. Which of the following is most important?

<p>Determining any biases that they might bring. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what situation would a manuscript speech be optimal?

<p>Presenting new quarterly earnings to the board of directors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is least important when choosing and rehearsing a speech?

<p>Room temperature. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When researching information to include in a speech, which of the following strategies would be BEST for ensuring the information is credible and objective?

<p>Finding peer-reviewed articles and reputable sources to include in speech preparation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When someone presents one viewpoint as the exclusive option, dismissing all others using biased language, it is referred to as what?

<p>Loaded Framing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If someone in a study is speaking to another person in said study from a computer screen only, what type of communication is occurring?

<p>Synchronous. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which description best describes modulation?

<p>Variations in speaking. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aside from volume, what important factor determines the success of Rapport during Intrapersonal communication?

<p>Facial Expressions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Communication

The process of conveying information, ideas, thoughts, feelings, or emotions between individuals or groups.

Communication Model

A representation that simplifies a communication process, showing key elements and their relationships.

Verbal Communication

The act of expressing thoughts and feelings through spoken words.

Non-verbal communication

Communicating wordlessly

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Effective Communication skills

Abilities to share/receive information effectively.

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Intercultural Communication

Communication between people of different cultures.

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Communication breakdown

A barrier that hinders effective communication, leading to misunderstanding or misinterpretation.

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Functions of Communication

The functions describe why we communicate.

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Regulation/Control

Exercising authority or influence.

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Social Interaction

Interacting with others in a friendly way

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Motivation

Providing encouragement or incentive.

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Emotional expression

Expressing feelings in a message.

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Communicative Competence

The ability to communicate effectively and appropriately in various speech situations.

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Intrapersonal

Communication with oneself.

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Interpersonal

Communication between two people.

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Dyad communication

Type of interpersonal communication, in pairs.

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Small group

A communicative setting involving a limited number of participants.

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Speech style

A level of formality in language use.

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Intimate style

Very close or private.

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Casual style

Informal with friends.

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Consultative Style

Semi-formal, two-way.

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Formal Style

Formal, one-way.

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Frozen Style

Fixed, ritualistic.

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Speech Act

An utterance, intention and response.

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Locution

The literal meaning.

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IIlocution

The intended effect.

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Perlocution

The resulting act.

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Communicative Strategy

Techniques or strategies used to convey meaning.

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Nomination

Opening a topic.

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Restriction

Limiting discussion.

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Turn-taking

Order of speaking.

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Topic control

Guiding the conversation.

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Topic shifting

Moving to another subject.

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Repair

Fixing errors.

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Termination

Ending conversation.

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Speech

A formal discourse used to convey a message to an audience.

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Informative speech

To inform

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Persuasive speech

To convince

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Reading from manuscript

Speaking by reading a script.

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Memorized speech

speaking by reciting after memorization.

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Impromptu speech

speaking without preparation.

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Study Notes

  • The core subject is Oral Communication in Context for Grades 11/12, first semester, with 80 hours per semester.
  • The course aims to develop listening and speaking skills for effective communication.

Nature and Elements of Communication

  • Focus on understanding the nature and elements of oral communication, designing, and performing effective activities.
  • Key areas include definition, process, communication models, five elements, verbal/non-verbal communication, effective skills, and intercultural aspects.

Learning Competencies

  • Communicate effectively demonstrating sensitivity to socio-cultural dimensions, including culture and gender.
  • Topics include functions, speaker's purpose, verbal and non-verbal cues, various texts and strategies.
  • Focus on verbal and non-verbal behavior in different speech situations.

Communicative Competence Strategies

  • Includes types of speech context (intrapersonal, interpersonal, public) and style (intimate, casual, consultative, formal, frozen).
  • Speech act consists of locution (utterance), illocution (intention), and perlocution (response).
  • Communicative strategies include nomination, restriction, turn-taking, topic control, shifting, repair, and termination.

Speech Context & Style Shifts

  • Emphasizes identifying appropriate speech styles for various social situations.
  • Understand language form, interaction duration, speaker relationships, roles, message, and delivery,
  • Shifts in context, style, act, and communicative strategy affect the language used, interaction time, speaker roles, message, and delivery.

Types of Speeches

  • Involves understanding and delivering various speeches using effective principles including expository, informative and persuasive.
  • Topics include delivery methods (reading from manuscript/memorized/impromptu/extemporaneous), and speech writing principles.
  • Good writing includes analyzing the audience, organizing content, choosing appropriate words considering grammatical correctness.
  • Focus on articulation, modulation, stage presence, expressions/gestures, and audience rapport.

Glossary

  • Extemporaneous speaking involves creating speech during delivery, with preparation using an outline or speaker notes.
  • Impromptu speech is given with minimal preparation, often on a familiar topic.
  • Intercultural communication is messaging across languages and cultures, with emphasis on understanding experiences across systems.

Memorized vs Manuscript Speaking

  • Memorized speeches can lack spontaneity
  • Manuscript speaking is the most formal type and ensures precise wording.

Communication Process

  • Communication comes into being when it's understood that an information is imparted.
  • The process needs a spreading medium like speech/writing.

Speech Act

  • Speech acts are utterances which serve a function, like apologies, requests, complaints, etc.
  • Encompasses real-life interactions which includes knowledge of language and culture.
  • Consists of locutionary (utterance), illocutionary (intention), and perlocutionary (effect on listener) actions.

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