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Questions and Answers
Alcohol consumption does not contribute to the risk of cancer in the oral cavity.
Alcohol consumption does not contribute to the risk of cancer in the oral cavity.
False
Poor oral hygiene can elevate the risk of developing cancer due to bacteria left behind.
Poor oral hygiene can elevate the risk of developing cancer due to bacteria left behind.
True
Human papillomavirus 16 has become a lesser cancer factor due to the prevalence of HPV vaccinations.
Human papillomavirus 16 has become a lesser cancer factor due to the prevalence of HPV vaccinations.
True
Tertiary syphilis always presents symptoms immediately, making it easy to diagnose.
Tertiary syphilis always presents symptoms immediately, making it easy to diagnose.
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Extended exposure to wood dust, such as oak dust, is known to be carcinogenic for oral health.
Extended exposure to wood dust, such as oak dust, is known to be carcinogenic for oral health.
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Over 80% of cancers are squamous cell carcinomas.
Over 80% of cancers are squamous cell carcinomas.
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Cancers are most commonly found on the palate and retromolar trigone.
Cancers are most commonly found on the palate and retromolar trigone.
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Leukoplakia is a temporary condition that usually resolves naturally.
Leukoplakia is a temporary condition that usually resolves naturally.
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Buccal mucosa tumors are considered to be squamous carcinomas.
Buccal mucosa tumors are considered to be squamous carcinomas.
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Keratoses are associated with cancer of the floor of the mouth.
Keratoses are associated with cancer of the floor of the mouth.
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After a total laryngectomy, an artificial larynx is the primary option for speech.
After a total laryngectomy, an artificial larynx is the primary option for speech.
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Ulcerating tumors on the tongue can be painful and have an odor.
Ulcerating tumors on the tongue can be painful and have an odor.
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Esophageal speech is a method of producing voice by insufflating air into the lower esophagus.
Esophageal speech is a method of producing voice by insufflating air into the lower esophagus.
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The inhalation method for esophageal speech relies on creating negative pressure.
The inhalation method for esophageal speech relies on creating negative pressure.
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Tumorigenesis refers to the process of normal cells transforming into cancer cells.
Tumorigenesis refers to the process of normal cells transforming into cancer cells.
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The plosive consonant injection method involves releasing the /k/ sound immediately after producing it.
The plosive consonant injection method involves releasing the /k/ sound immediately after producing it.
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Laryngeal cancer often requires the complete removal of the larynx.
Laryngeal cancer often requires the complete removal of the larynx.
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Advanced goals for esophageal speech include minimizing associated noises or behaviors.
Advanced goals for esophageal speech include minimizing associated noises or behaviors.
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Scintigraphy is a method used to analyze blood and urine for detecting head and neck cancer.
Scintigraphy is a method used to analyze blood and urine for detecting head and neck cancer.
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Histological analysis is necessary for definitive diagnosis of cancer.
Histological analysis is necessary for definitive diagnosis of cancer.
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Weight gain is a typical complaint associated with neoplastic lesions.
Weight gain is a typical complaint associated with neoplastic lesions.
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The TNM system stands for tumor, node, and metastasis.
The TNM system stands for tumor, node, and metastasis.
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Lymphoma typically originates from the salivary glands.
Lymphoma typically originates from the salivary glands.
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Electrocoagulation is a method that utilizes cold temperature to destroy tissue.
Electrocoagulation is a method that utilizes cold temperature to destroy tissue.
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Immunotherapy aims to enhance the immune system's ability to combat tumors.
Immunotherapy aims to enhance the immune system's ability to combat tumors.
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Chemotherapy is highly effective for localized head and neck cancer.
Chemotherapy is highly effective for localized head and neck cancer.
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Palliative treatment can be used to provide comfort for patients who cannot be cured.
Palliative treatment can be used to provide comfort for patients who cannot be cured.
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Delayed diagnosis of cancer can lead to better management of the disease.
Delayed diagnosis of cancer can lead to better management of the disease.
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The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve is involved in pain perceived in the middle ear.
The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve is involved in pain perceived in the middle ear.
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Surgical intervention is usually preferred for tumors located in the neck and larynx.
Surgical intervention is usually preferred for tumors located in the neck and larynx.
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Cryotherapy involves using heat to treat precancerous lesions.
Cryotherapy involves using heat to treat precancerous lesions.
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Verrucous carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that is benign.
Verrucous carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that is benign.
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Active therapy includes treatments designed solely to alleviate cancer symptoms without aiming for a cure.
Active therapy includes treatments designed solely to alleviate cancer symptoms without aiming for a cure.
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Cancer-related cognitive impairment is only observed in patients receiving chemoradiotherapy.
Cancer-related cognitive impairment is only observed in patients receiving chemoradiotherapy.
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Post-surgery for laryngeal cancer, patients can still produce all forms of speech.
Post-surgery for laryngeal cancer, patients can still produce all forms of speech.
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A total laryngectomy completely seals the airway from the esophagus.
A total laryngectomy completely seals the airway from the esophagus.
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Patients with laryngectomy experience heightened tasting abilities due to the removal of the larynx.
Patients with laryngectomy experience heightened tasting abilities due to the removal of the larynx.
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A pneumatic artificial larynx requires a battery to function.
A pneumatic artificial larynx requires a battery to function.
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The Cooper-Rand intraoral electrolarynx produces clearer sounds than transcervical electrolarynges.
The Cooper-Rand intraoral electrolarynx produces clearer sounds than transcervical electrolarynges.
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Post-total laryngectomy patients must be careful about inhalation as air is not filtered through the nose.
Post-total laryngectomy patients must be careful about inhalation as air is not filtered through the nose.
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Coughing for laryngectomy patients can still utilize the normal glottal opening mechanism.
Coughing for laryngectomy patients can still utilize the normal glottal opening mechanism.
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Total laryngectomy patients can laugh or cry normally.
Total laryngectomy patients can laugh or cry normally.
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Heat and moisture exchangers are essential for laryngectomy patients to maintain air temperature and moisture.
Heat and moisture exchangers are essential for laryngectomy patients to maintain air temperature and moisture.
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Transcervical electrolarynx devices can only be operated with both hands.
Transcervical electrolarynx devices can only be operated with both hands.
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Emotional vocalizations are completely possible after a total laryngectomy.
Emotional vocalizations are completely possible after a total laryngectomy.
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Patients experiencing cognitive rehabilitation may show some recovery from cancer-related cognitive impairment.
Patients experiencing cognitive rehabilitation may show some recovery from cancer-related cognitive impairment.
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The safety card for laryngectomy patients indicates that mouth-to-mouth resuscitation is appropriate.
The safety card for laryngectomy patients indicates that mouth-to-mouth resuscitation is appropriate.
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Klunking refers to the audible charging of the esophagus during speech production.
Klunking refers to the audible charging of the esophagus during speech production.
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Indwelling TEP prostheses need to be changed and maintained by the patient themselves.
Indwelling TEP prostheses need to be changed and maintained by the patient themselves.
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TEP candidacy requires the patient to have significant hypopharyngeal stenosis.
TEP candidacy requires the patient to have significant hypopharyngeal stenosis.
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Secondary TEP allows patients to start speaking right away after the procedure.
Secondary TEP allows patients to start speaking right away after the procedure.
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Candida biofilm can clog the TEP prosthesis and potentially lead to leakage.
Candida biofilm can clog the TEP prosthesis and potentially lead to leakage.
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Patients can replace non-indwelling TEP prostheses themselves without any professional assistance.
Patients can replace non-indwelling TEP prostheses themselves without any professional assistance.
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Myotomy of UES is a non-surgical method to treat hypertonicity in the upper esophageal sphincter.
Myotomy of UES is a non-surgical method to treat hypertonicity in the upper esophageal sphincter.
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Blom-Singer indwelling voice prosthesis uses a gelatin capsule during its insertion.
Blom-Singer indwelling voice prosthesis uses a gelatin capsule during its insertion.
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Tracheostoma refers to a small incision made in the trachea.
Tracheostoma refers to a small incision made in the trachea.
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Enlarged tracheostoma can be managed with flange adapters.
Enlarged tracheostoma can be managed with flange adapters.
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Tim Heidler is known for being the first patient to undergo a successful larynx transplant.
Tim Heidler is known for being the first patient to undergo a successful larynx transplant.
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Hyperfunctional compensation in voice after cordectomy typically leads to a soft and insufficient voice post-operation.
Hyperfunctional compensation in voice after cordectomy typically leads to a soft and insufficient voice post-operation.
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Pectoralis major flap is used to manage scarring after TEP voice rehabilitation.
Pectoralis major flap is used to manage scarring after TEP voice rehabilitation.
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Pulmonary function is not considered a criterion for TEP candidacy.
Pulmonary function is not considered a criterion for TEP candidacy.
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Study Notes
SRD Final Exam Study Guide
- Cancer-Related Deaths: 28.2% of deaths annually are cancer-related. Lifetime probability of cancer diagnosis is 43% (44% in males, 43% in females).
Cancer Incidence
- Head and Neck Cancer (Males): Incidence is 4.6%.
- Esophageal Cancer (Males): Incidence is 1.6%.
- Head and Neck Cancer (Females): Incidence is 1.8%.
- Esophageal Cancer (Females): Incidence is 0.5%.
- Age Groups: Ages 50-69 and 70-84 are most commonly affected by head and neck cancer.
Cancer Risk
- Head and Neck (Both Sexes): 2% risk.
- Esophageal (Both Sexes): 0.5% risk.
Cancer Cases (2021)
- Head and Neck: 7400 new cases, majority in males.
- Esophageal: 2400 new cases, majority in males.
Cancer Mortality (within 5 years)
- Head and Neck: 2100/7400 cases.
- Esophageal: 2300/2400 cases.
Cancer Survival
- Oral Cancer: 80% survival rate after more than 5 years.
Cancer Etiology
-
Multifactorial: Tobacco, alcohol, poor oral hygiene are contributing factors.
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Tobacco: Increases oral cavity toxicity, leading to tissue mutation and cancer development. Includes chewing tobacco, cigars, marijuana.
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Alcohol: Increases oral mucosa toxicity, creating a cancer-promoting environment. Strong alcohol without oral hygiene worsens this effect.
-
Poor Oral Hygiene: Leaving bacteria behind causes cancer risk.
Other Factors
- HPV 16: Less of a cancer factor because of widespread vaccinations.
- Tertiary syphilis: Some strains are resistant to antibiotics and can lie dormant.
- Exposure: Extended exposure to wood, metal dusts, fumes, and chemicals can increase cancer risk.
- Genetics: Genetic disposition can contribute to head and neck cancer risk, but not fully understood.
Cancer Locations
- 80% of cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, usually found in the mucosal lining.
- Other locations: Lips (skin cancer), gingiva, hard palate (less common), retromolar trigone, buccal mucosa.
Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
-
Biopsy: Needed for definitive diagnosis to look for squamous cell carcinoma in tissue sample.
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Symptoms: Patients may complain of pain, lumps, changes in throat, etc.
Cancer Treatment Strategies
- Surgery: Removes tumor with safety margin and repairs any defects.
- Radiation Therapy: Uses beams to shrink or eliminate tumors.
- Chemotherapy: Cytotoxic agents suppress tumor cell proliferation.
- Chemoradiotherapy: Increases effectiveness of radiation treatment with a cytotoxic agent like cisplatin.
- Palliative therapy: Aims to subside tumors and extends life in incurable cases.
Palliative Treatment
- Alternative treatment methods: Cryotherapy, Electrocoagulation, Laser
- Cryotherapy: Freezes tumor tissue.
- Electrocoagulation: Uses high-heat to destroy cells.
- Laser: Turns tissue into vapor.
- Surgical Intervention vs Organ Preservation: High-dose radiation therapy can eliminate cancer or preserve organs.
Cancer Treatment Goals
- Early detection: Finding cancer as early as possible is important.
- Management of pre-cancerous lesions: Removing pre-cancerous tissues.
- Effective therapy: Choosing best therapies to treat cancer.
- Effective palliative care: Providing comfort and quality-of-life management for patients who aren't curable.
Cancer-related physiological changes
- Dysgeusia: Distortion of taste.
- Xerostamia: Dry mouth from lack of saliva.
- Caries: Tooth damage.
- Mucositis: Oral mucosa inflammation.
- Diagnosis methods: Imaging (MRI, CT), Blood/urine analysis, Visual examination, Lymph node palpation.
- Other symptoms: Weight loss, deferred otalgia (ear/tooth pain), oropharyngeal tumor, mandibular branch of trigeminal, etc
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Description
Test your understanding of oral cancer risk factors and related health information. This quiz covers topics like HPV, carcinogenic substances, and signs of oral tumors. Challenge yourself and learn more about oral health and cancer prevention.
