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The 3 branches of the science of behavior analysis are:

Experimental analysis of behavior, gestalt, and Applied Behavior Analysis

Experimental analysis of behavior, basic research, and Applied Behavior Analysis

Experimental analysis of behavior, behaviorism, and Applied Behavior Analysis (correct)

Experimental analysis of behavior, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Applied Behavior Analysis

Which of the following is a component of good teaching?

Technical

Subjective

Fun (correct)

Emotional

Who is commonly attributed for discovering the law of effect?

Baer

Watson

Thorndike (correct)

Skinner

Who is commonly considered the father of Behaviorism?

Watson Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a dimension of ABA as outlined by Baer, Wolf, & Risley?

Generality Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of participants reached recovery in the Lovaas (1987) study?

47% Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the primary lessons learned from Lovaas (1973)?

Need for parents to be trained Signup and view all the answers

In the Lovaas (1987) study, what was the criteria for best outcome?

IQ, school placement, and diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

What is one component of rigid ABA?

Unvarying adherence to protocols Signup and view all the answers

What is a definition of a Progressive approach to ABA?

Combining the science and art of ABA Signup and view all the answers

What is the crux (most important) of progressive ABA?

Clinical judgment Signup and view all the answers

What is one aspect of the learner that is assessed when using clinical judgment?

Receptivity Signup and view all the answers

What were one of the rights outlined by Van Houten et al. (1988)?

Learners welfare Signup and view all the answers

Teaching children to label state capitals may be a violation of which of the rights outlined by Van Houten et al. (1988)?

Learning functional skills Signup and view all the answers

What are the other two levels created by the BACB?

BCBA and BCaBA Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is one of the requirements to obtain the RBT credential?

Completing 40 hours of training Signup and view all the answers

What is one problem with a sibling of an RBT being that RBT's supervisor?

Potential for the development of a dual relationship Signup and view all the answers

How many face-to-face meetings must occur per month between the RBT and the supervisor?

2 Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of your total hours as an RBT must be spent in supervision?

5% Signup and view all the answers

What is one of your responsibilities as an RBT?

Direct instruction Signup and view all the answers

According to Autism Partnership Foundation, what are the RBT standards?

Minimal Signup and view all the answers

Critical thinking is important to intervention for individuals diagnosed with ASD to ensure that:

Best procedures are being implemented Signup and view all the answers

When receiving feedback, which of the following should be avoided?

Taking feedback personally Signup and view all the answers

When receiving feedback, which of the following should be done?

Following through on making changes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best resource for keeping updated on the field of ABA?

Journal articles Signup and view all the answers

Which is an example of a soft skill?

Compassion Signup and view all the answers

"A stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest" is the definition of which of the following terms?

Consequence Signup and view all the answers

"The duration, rate, frequency, etc. of behavior absent of any restrictions" is the definition of which of the following terms?

Free operant Signup and view all the answers

A group of responses with the same function best describes a:

Response class Signup and view all the answers

"Environmental conditions or stimulus changes that exist or occur prior to the behavior of interest" is the definition of which of the following terms?

Antecedent Signup and view all the answers

"A type of verbal behavior with the response controlled primarily by an immediately prior nonverbal stimulus" best describes which of the following?

Tact Signup and view all the answers

"A stimulus that is auditory that evokes a response of speaking in a way that sounds similar to that stimulus" best describes which of the following?

Echoic Signup and view all the answers

"A type of verbal behavior in which the response form or topography is controlled by a current unlearned or learner establishing operation" best describes which of the following?

Mand Signup and view all the answers

"Those events that take place within an organism's skin or are otherwise only accessible to the organism" best describes which of the following?

Private events Signup and view all the answers

"If a behavior is followed closely in time by a stimulus event and as a result the future frequency of that type of behavior increases in similar conditions" best describes which of the following?

Reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Providing a learner with an iPad following a correct response that results in an increase in correct responses best describes which of the following?

Positive reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

When a response is followed by the presentation of a stimulus, and, as a result, similar responses occur more frequently in the future best describes which of the following?

Positive reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Providing a learner with a break following a correct response that increases correct responses is most likely an example of which of the following?

Negative reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Money is most likely an example of which of the following?

Generalized conditioned reinforcer Signup and view all the answers

"A previously neutral stimulus change that has acquired the capability to function as a reinforcer through stimulus-stimulus pairing with one or more unconditioned reinforcers or conditioned reinforcers" best describes which of the following?

Conditioned reinforcer Signup and view all the answers

Food is an example of which of the following?

Unconditioned reinforcer Signup and view all the answers

"A stimulus change that can increase the future frequency of behavior without prior pairing with any other form of reinforcement" best describes which of the following?

Unconditioned reinforcer Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is one of the four basic schedules of reinforcement?

Variable interval Signup and view all the answers

A reinforcer delivered contingent upon the first behavior following the time period where the time period is fixed describes which schedule of reinforcement?

Fixed interval Signup and view all the answers

Scalloped patterns of responding are typically associated with which schedule of reinforcement?

Fixed interval Signup and view all the answers

A reinforcer delivered contingent upon the first behavior following the time period where the time period is variable describes which schedule of reinforcement?

Variable interval Signup and view all the answers

The first rule of punishment is ___

Use sparingly Signup and view all the answers

Which schedule of reinforcement requires the completion of a specified, unvarying number of responses to produce a reinforcer?

Fixed ratio Signup and view all the answers

A response followed immediately by a stimulus change that decreases the future probability of similar responses is best described by which of the following?

Punishment Signup and view all the answers

Which schedule of reinforcement requires the completion of a variable number of responses to produce a reinforcer?

Variable ratio Signup and view all the answers

Having a learner select which items they like prior to teaching following a systematic protocol to identify hierarchy of potential preferences is known as which of the following?

Formal preference assessments Signup and view all the answers

Saying 'no' contingent upon a learner's response that results in a decrease in the probability of that response in the future is an example of which of the following?

Positive punishment Signup and view all the answers

Removing a token contingent upon a response that results in a decrease in the probability of that response in the future is an example of which of the following?

Negative punishment Signup and view all the answers

Providing free access to a variety of stimuli for the purposes of identifying potential reinforcers is best described by which of the following?

Free operant preference assessment Signup and view all the answers

Providing a learner with a series of choices between two items in an effort to identify potential reinforcers best describes which of the following?

Paired stimulus preference assessment Signup and view all the answers

A bad odor is likely an example of which of the following?

Unconditioned punisher Signup and view all the answers

Presenting an array of items and asking the learner to select one item and then putting the item back in the array after the selection in an effort to identify potential reinforcers best describes which of the following?

Multiple stimulus preference assessment Signup and view all the answers

A stimulus change that functions as punishment as a result of a person's conditioning history is a definition of which of the following?

Conditioned punisher Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following two variables affect the effectiveness of punishers?

Immediacy and schedule Signup and view all the answers

A procedure in which the RBT assesses a variety of variables moment to moment to identify what could potentially function as a reinforcer is known as a(n):

In the moment reinforcer analysis Signup and view all the answers

A potential negative side effect to punishment is

Behavioral contrast Signup and view all the answers

When compared to formal preference assessments, research on in-the-moment reinforcer analysis has shown it to be:

More efficient Signup and view all the answers

Defining a behavior in observable terms is known as which of the following?

Operational Signup and view all the answers

One problem with informal interviews to identify potential reinforcers is they are not:

Reliable Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential problem with using candy as a reinforcer?

Unhealthy Signup and view all the answers

This type of definition describes changes in the environment related to the behavior.

Functional Signup and view all the answers

Presenting a previously neutral stimulus with an established reinforcer best describes which of the following?

Stimulus pairing Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes an overcorrection procedure in which aberrant behavior sets the occasion for the learner to restore the environment to its previous state?

Restitutional Signup and view all the answers

Watching others access stimuli contingent upon a response best describes which of the following?

Observational pairing Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes an overcorrection procedure in which aberrant behavior sets the occasion for the learner to repeatedly engage in a task?

Positive practice Signup and view all the answers

When using a progressive approach to conditioning reinforcers, one variable the RBT should evaluate is the learner's:

Non-verbal and verbal behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes a procedure that involves blocking an individual from engaging in a behavior?

Response blocking Signup and view all the answers

One main difference between bribery and reinforcement is the:

Timing of the item provided Signup and view all the answers

Reinforcement contingent upon the learner engaging in a specific behavior instead of the aberrant behavior is known as which of the following?

Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) Signup and view all the answers

Reinforcement contingent upon the learner engaging in a behavior that cannot be done at the same time as the targeted aberrant behavior is known as which of the following?

Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI) Signup and view all the answers

This is the term for when a learner is engaging in disruptive behaviors and is offered something preferred to stop.

Bribery Signup and view all the answers

Reinforcement contingent upon the absence of aberrant behavior is known as which of the following?

Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) Signup and view all the answers

When a consequence is provided contingent upon a learner engaging in appropriate behavior and that appropriate behavior is more likely to occur in the future is best described by which of the following?

Reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Reinforcement contingent upon displaying lower rates of behavior is known as which of the following?

Differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior (DRL) Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential problem with bribery?

Facilitates negotiation Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the 10 commandments of reinforcement within the Autism Partnership Model?

Thin the schedule of reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Interventions that manipulate the value of consequences are also known as which of the following?

Antecedent based procedures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes when a learner earns tickets which are eventually exchanged for a toy?

Token economy Signup and view all the answers

Having a student engage in a series of preferred tasks prior to presenting a nonpreferred task is known as which of the following?

Behavioral momentum Signup and view all the answers

An audiotaped, written word, phrase, or sentence used to teach conversation and social behavior is known as which of the following?

Scripting Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the most important components of a token economy?

Using effective reinforcers Signup and view all the answers

Rainbow tokens most closely align with which schedule of reinforcement?

Conjugate Signup and view all the answers

When using script fading, how many people are involved in the process?

3 Signup and view all the answers

Having a client watch a video of an individual displaying the desired behavior is known as which of the following?

Modeling Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are three types of video modeling?

Basic, self, and POV Signup and view all the answers

What is one problem with a first-then strategy?

Bribery land Signup and view all the answers

One potential problem with social stories is they have not been:

Shown to be as effective as other procedures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following procedures have been found to be more effective than Social Stories?

Teaching Interaction Procedure, video modeling, and Cool Versus Not Cool Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is one strategy within the Autism Partnership Method used to decrease aberrant behavior?

Social skill groups Signup and view all the answers

Developing up a hierarchy of frustrating events and teaching a client to engage in relaxing behaviors when exposed to steps within that hierarchy is known as which of the following?

Frustration Tolerance Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Behavior Analysis Foundations

The three branches of behavior analysis: Experimental analysis of behavior, behaviorism, and Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA).
Key figures: Thorndike discovered the law of effect; Watson is considered the father of Behaviorism.

Teaching Components

Effective teaching includes fun as a component, enhancing learner engagement.

Research and Outcomes

Lovaas (1987) study had a 47% recovery rate for participants.
Key lesson from Lovaas (1973): Emphasizing the need for parent training in interventions.

Dimensions and Rights in ABA

Generality is a dimension of ABA outlined by Baer, Wolf, & Risley.
Rights outlined by Van Houten et al. (1988) include the welfare of learners and ensuring functional skills are prioritized.

Certification and Responsibilities

RBT credential requirements: Completion of 40 hours of training.
Direct instruction is a primary responsibility of an RBT, essential for effective interventions.

Critical Thinking and Feedback

Critical thinking is vital for implementing best procedures in ASD interventions.
When receiving feedback, it's important to avoid taking it personally and focus on making constructive changes.

Reinforcement and Motivation

Various schedules of reinforcement: Fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ratio, and variable ratio.
Positive reinforcement increases future behavior by presenting a desirable stimulus, while negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus.

Preference Assessments

Formal preference assessments identify hierarchy of preferences systematically, while free operant assessments evaluate reinforcers through unstructured access to stimuli.

Token Economy

In a token economy, learners earn tokens for desirable behaviors, which are exchangeable for rewards. Using effective reinforcers is crucial for success.

Punishment Concepts

Positive punishment decreases behavior by introducing an aversive stimulus, while negative punishment involves removing a positive stimulus.
Negative side effects of punishment can include potential damage to the learner's relationship with the environment.

Skills and Concepts in ABA

Soft skills like compassion enhance effectiveness in ABA practitioners.
Understanding terms such as operant, antecedent, consequence, and types of verbal behavior (e.g., tact, mand, echoic) are foundational in behavior analysis.

Reinforcer Pairing and Observational Learning

Concepts like stimulus pairing and observational pairing explore how stimuli can become reinforcers through associative learning processes.

Challenges in Interventions

Challenges include the potential ineffectiveness of rewards like candy due to health implications and the need for reliable assessment methods to identify effective reinforcers.

Summary of Reinforcement Types

Unconditioned reinforcers do not require prior learning (e.g., food), while conditioned reinforcers obtain their value through association with other reinforcers.

Conclusion

Understanding and applying these principles is critical in the practice of behavior analysis, particularly in designing effective interventions and instruction for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder.### Behavioral Concepts
Behavioral Extinction: Refers to the reduction or elimination of a behavior when it's no longer reinforced.
Behavioral Contrast: Occurs when a change in reinforcement for one behavior affects the rate of another behavior. For example, a child may behave differently depending on the punishment received from parents vs. grandparents.

Definitions and Procedures

Operational Definition: Involves defining a behavior in observable and measurable terms.
Functional Definition: Describes changes in the environment that relate to a behavior.
Restitutional Overcorrection: A procedure where a learner restores an environment to its original state after an aberrant behavior.
Positive Practice Overcorrection: Involves the learner repetitively engaging in a desired behavior as a corrective measure.

Blocking and Reinforcement Techniques

Response Blocking: A technique that prevents an individual from engaging in a specific behavior.
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA): Reinforcement is provided for engaging in specific behaviors instead of aberrant behaviors.
Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI): Reinforcement occurs for behaviors that cannot happen simultaneously with the aberrant behavior.
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO): Reinforcement is set based on the absence of the aberrant behavior.
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Behavior (DRL): Reinforcement is given for lower frequencies of a specific behavior.

Interventions and Teaching Methods

Antecedent-Based Procedures: Interventions that alter the value of consequences to influence behavior.
Behavioral Momentum: Involves having a student complete preferred tasks before nonpreferred tasks, enhancing engagement.
Script Fading: Utilizes audiotaped or written scripts to teach social behaviors, requiring three individuals to effectively implement.

Modeling: Involves observing a video of someone displaying appropriate behaviors to facilitate learning.
Types of Video Modeling: Includes basic, self, and point-of-view (POV) modeling techniques.

Challenges and Limitations

First-Then Strategy Issue: One drawback is that it may resemble a form of bribery, potentially diminishing its effectiveness.
Social Stories Limitations: Research has shown that social stories are not as effective compared to alternative procedures like the Teaching Interaction Procedure and video modeling.

Strategies and Therapy

Social Skills Groups: A strategic method within the Autism Partnership Method aimed at decreasing aberrant behaviors through group interaction.
Frustration Tolerance: Involves creating a hierarchy of frustrating events and equipping clients with relaxation techniques to manage frustration at each step.

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