DO Manual
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Questions and Answers

What is the preferred size of supply lines for relay pumping operations due to reduced friction loss?

  • 2.5” supply lines
  • 3” supply lines
  • 4” supply lines
  • 5” supply lines (correct)

    • When should a relay be established when the attack engine is more than 500’ from the water source?

  • When using 3” supply line
  • When using 2.5” supply line
  • When using 5” supply line (correct)
  • When using any supply line

    • Which engine is referred to as the 'source' engine in relay pumping operations?

  • Engine stationed at the water source (correct)
  • Engine at the fire scene
  • Engine with the highest capacity pump
  • Engine in the relay pumping line

    • What is the role of the Water Supply Officer (WSO) in relay pumping operations?

    <p>To be versed in rural water supply operations and tactics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with hose lines before they are charged during relay operations?

    <p>Place them off to the side of the roadway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which channel is preferred for water supply communications to avoid interference on the fire scene?

    <p>Separate TAC channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum distance for an attack engine from the hydrant when using a 3” supply line to require a relay?

    <p>300’</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is true about communication in relay pumping operations?

    <p>Only one WSO should communicate with the IC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the first step when shutting down a relay pumping operation?

    <p>Shut down the attack engine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is spacing of relay engines important?

    <p>To have all engines operating at approximately the same RPM.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should a water shuttle operation be preferred over relay pumping?

    <p>When the water source is remote and relay pumping is not practical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical role of the Water Supply Officer (WSO) during operations?

    <p>To communicate directly with the Incident Commander (IC).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of appointing a Water Supply Officer at a fire scene?

    <p>To coordinate ongoing communication between units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does pre-incident planning contribute to water shuttle operations?

    <p>It helps in making critical decisions during setup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about operating methods during a water shuttle?

    <p>Coordination is crucial between all units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ensures that a water shuttle operation can supply water efficiently?

    <p>Assigning a dedicated TAC channel for water supply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the Incident Commander do if large fire flow is required?

    <p>Direct the Communications Center to notify the appropriate Water Utility Company.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Monthly Hydrant Water Usage Log?

    <p>To document all hydrant water usage for various activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who must be notified if a fire hydrant is found to be non-functional?

    <p>The Fire Operations Officer and the Water Officer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In order to obtain water supply information during an emergency, who can the Incident Commander contact?

    <p>The Fire Operations Officer or the Water Officer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT included in the documentation required for Monthly Hydrant Water Usage Log?

    <p>Water used in regular fire response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is responsible for submitting monthly hydrant water usage?

    <p>Each Battalion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What document must be used to report a non-functional fire hydrant?

    <p>Fire Hydrant Non-Functional/Out of Service Notice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the size of the water main be determined?

    <p>From a Quick Access Survey conducted beforehand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the second leading cause of death in firefighters?

    <p>Vehicle collisions while responding to or returning from emergency calls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can lead to vehicle collisions for firefighters? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Excessive speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A Driver Operator must comply with all Florida state motor vehicle laws and __________.

    <p>County driver rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of license must a Driver Operator possess in Florida?

    <p>Class E license</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a Driver Operator do at the start of each shift?

    <p>Perform a thorough truck check and adjust seat and mirrors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum allowed speed during emergency responses?

    <p>Exceeding the posted speed limit is authorized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Driver Operators are exempt from all traffic laws in Florida?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done when approaching an intersection controlled by a stop sign?

    <p>Come to a complete stop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each driver shall conduct a thorough __________ of the vehicle before initial operation.

    <p>walk-around inspection (Safety Circle Check)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of emergency response with their descriptions.

    <p>Code 1 = Normal driving without emergency lights and siren Code 2 = Normal driving with emergency warning lights only Code 3 = Use of lights and/or siren when responding to an emergency call</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precautions should be taken while approaching intersections?

    <p>Anticipate other units from another direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Traffic safety vests should be worn at all times while working in and around traffic.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if a tire blows out while driving?

    <p>Accelerate initially, slow down, signal intentions, and safely pull off the roadway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using a backup person, the driver must maintain __________ contact with them.

    <p>visual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How far upstream should traffic cones be placed when creating a Safe Work Area?

    <p>15 feet intervals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should you notify command about tank water levels?

    <p>When the tank level drops to 50% full and again at 25% full.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You should use flares to illuminate cones at night or in fog/smoke conditions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the first priority on a fire scene?

    <p>Rescue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if you encounter mechanical problems while pumping?

    <p>Immediately advise the Incident Commander and perform an Emergency Evacuation if necessary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following water supply sources with their description:

    <p>Tank Supply = Water available on an apparatus Hydrant = Pressurized water source for firefighting Static Water Source = Source from lakes or pools Nurse Tender = Transport water to the fireground</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the color coding for operational fire hydrants in the system?

    <p>Green</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The closest hydrant is always the best choice during a fire incident.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general measurement unit for the capacity of fire hydrants?

    <p>GPM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Incident Commander must notify the _____ Utility Company during a fire emergency that requires large fire flow.

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do green tags on dry hydrants indicate?

    <p>Fully operational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dry hydrants are designed for pressurized flows.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum capacity that water tanks must hold according to county code?

    <p>20,000 gallons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color are reclaimed water flushing hydrants?

    <p>Purple/Pink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done before pulling a draft from a water tank?

    <p>Ensure vent openings are open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Relay pumping is the preferred method of water supply as it provides a continuous _____ water source.

    <p>uninterrupted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What device is used to operate Captivater locking fire hydrant caps?

    <p>Captivater hydrant wrench</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT one of the four means of providing a continuous water supply in Palm Beach County?

    <p>Direct Supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dry hydrants require annual testing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What equipment is typically used for laying supply lines in a relay operation?

    <p>5” supply lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are primary types of water shuttle operations used by PBCFR in rural areas?

    <p>Modified Direct Pumping Operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Relay pumping is generally less dependable than water shuttle operations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a Water Supply Officer (WSO) serve during a water shuttle operation?

    <p>The WSO is responsible for coordinating communications and operations between the units involved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating friction loss in 2½” hose?

    <p>2 x Q² x L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should crews transition to a relay pumping operation?

    <p>If the incident is anticipated to last for an extended period of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of 2.5” hose used by PBCFR?

    <p>Hi-Combat ® and Tru-ID 2.5 ®</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of Nurse Tender Operations?

    <p>The nurse tender is often large enough to control the fire before needing to refill.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of the Folding/Dump Tank Operations?

    <p>Both A and C are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the friction loss for 2.5” hose flowing 200 GPM?

    <p>8 psi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total friction loss in a 200-foot hose lay with 300 GPM flow rate through 2.5” hose?

    <p>36 psi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much water can each tender carry?

    <p>3000 gallons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the coefficient for 2½” hose as per the coefficient method?

    <p>1.68</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fill site can be located at either a fire hydrant or a static water source.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you are using the coefficient method for 150 GPM flowing through 350’ of 2½” hose, what is the friction loss?

    <p>13.23 psi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For optimal ISO ratings, when should the first tender begin dumping water?

    <p>Within 5 minutes of arrival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to determine how many gallons per minute (GPM) each tender can provide?

    <p>V / (A + B + C) = GPM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the friction loss calculated for 400’ of 3” hose flowing 300 GPM?

    <p>25.92 psi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Friction loss for flows less than 95 GPM is negligible in 1¾”, 2½”, 3”, and 5” hose.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is preferred for calculating friction loss in 5” hose in a classroom setting?

    <p>Coefficient method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by 'L' in the context of calculating friction loss?

    <p>Length of the lay divided by 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Float-a-pumps must be monitored at all times.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is acceptable to leave a Float-a-pump unattended on a fire scene.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of a Driver Operator at an emergency scene?

    <p>Operating the fire pump and possessing knowledge of tools and equipment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate abbreviation for gallons per minute?

    <p>GPM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pressure is generated by the weight of a column of water above the pump?

    <p>Back Pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    1 cubic foot contains ______ gallons.

    <p>7.48</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the weight of 1 gallon of water?

    <p>8.34 pounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle states that fluid pressure is perpendicular to any surface on which it acts?

    <p>1st Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Friction loss is pressure used to overcome ______ while forcing water through fire hose.

    <p>resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Drafting' refer to in firefighting hydraulics?

    <p>The process of raising water from a static source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume calculation formula for a container?

    <p>L x W x H</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Friction Loss in 100 feet of 1¾” Ponn Conquest Hose when flowing 100 GPM?

    <p>15 psi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Q' represent in the context of the Q² x L method for calculating friction loss?

    <p>GPM flow divided by 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the best qualities a Driver Operator can possess?

    <p>Common sense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of firefighter injuries and deaths are caused by vehicle collisions while responding to emergency calls?

    <p>20-25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drivers of authorized emergency vehicles in Florida must have a Commercial Driver’s License.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is due regard in the context of emergency vehicle operation?

    <p>A reasonable careful person performing similar duties under similar circumstances would act in the same manner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a safe driving practice according to PBCFR policy?

    <p>Using a communication device while responding to an emergency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Driving any fire apparatus is a privilege and a craft that you should continue to _____ throughout your career.

    <p>hone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must every Driver Operator in Palm Beach County Fire Rescue comply with while operating emergency vehicles?

    <p>Florida state motor vehicle laws, ordinances, and regulations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the emergency response codes to their definitions:

    <p>Code 1 = Normal driving without emergency lights and siren. Code 2 = Normal driving with the use of emergency warning lights only. Code 3 = Driving with lights and/or siren when responding to an emergency call.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Water Source Locator System?

    <p>To show the location of hydrants and provide information such as static pressure and expected flow in GPM.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which color represents operational fire hydrants?

    <p>Green</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The closest hydrant is always the best option for firefighting.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred water source for fire operations?

    <p>A hydrant located on a large main.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be submitted monthly according to policy #FR-B-103?

    <p>Water Usage Log</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be used to remove caps from Captivater hydrants?

    <p>Captivater hydrant wrench.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the color of reclaimed water flushing hydrants?

    <p>Purple/Pink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is drafting?

    <p>Raising water from a static source into a fire pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dry hydrants are non-pressurized hydrants designed for use in drafting applications.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should personnel wear while working in and around traffic?

    <p>Department approved traffic safety vests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Relay pumping involves pumping water through fire hose from the ______ to the ______.

    <p>source, attack engine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum required size for water tanks provided during construction?

    <p>20,000 gallons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach for skid control?

    <p>Remove foot from the accelerator and steer into the skid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first priority on a fire scene?

    <p>Rescue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct response when experiencing a tire blowout while driving?

    <p>Accelerate initially</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Traffic cones shall be deployed at ______ foot intervals upstream of the blocking apparatus.

    <p>15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drivers should always reverse without assistance when backing up fire apparatus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How far should hydrants be positioned from the area of operation?

    <p>At least 25 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done when the tank water level drops to 50%?

    <p>Notify command and crews.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following apparatus with their water tank capacities:

    <p>Engines = 750 or 1000 gallons Aerials = 500 gallons Tenders = 3000 gallons Brush Trucks = 500 or 750 gallons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do while working on scene at night facing oncoming traffic?

    <p>Turn headlights off.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are primary types of water shuttle operations used by PBCFR in rural areas? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Portable Folding/Dump Tank Operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Float-a-pumps can be left unattended on a fire scene.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Driver Operator (DO) need to possess a thorough knowledge of?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role coordinates communications in a water shuttle operation?

    <p>Water Supply Officer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of Nurse Tender Operations?

    <p>The fire is often controlled before needing to refill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for finding the area of a circle?

    <p>Area = 0.7854 x d^2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much does one gallon of water weigh?

    <p>8.34 pounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A nurse tender should be used if an incident is anticipated to last for an extended period of time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum flow rate that Modified Direct Pumping is limited to due to the critical velocity of a 3” hose?

    <p>500 GPM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pressure exerted by the air surrounding us is known as ______ pressure.

    <p>atmospheric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the friction loss in 100 feet of 1¾” hose when flowing 200 GPM?

    <p>15 psi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following operations utilizes multiple supply lines for the attack engine?

    <p>Modified Direct Pumping Operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be kept full at all times on the attack engine during a water shuttle operation?

    <p>Onboard water tank</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is back pressure (also known as head pressure) caused by?

    <p>The weight of a column of water above the pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The success of a Folding/Dump Tank operation depends on three key components: location of the dump site, location of the fill site, and _____

    <p>route traveled between the dump site and fill site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many psi will 1 psi raise a 1 square inch column of water?

    <p>2.304 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the area of a building that measures 120’ wide and 225’ long?

    <p>27,000 square feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Setting up folding/dump tank operations can be done quickly and requires minimal manpower.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum flow rate at which each tender should ideally be filled during operations?

    <p>1000 gallons per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Friction loss calculations in fire hose are based on ______ feet of hose.

    <p>100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the water supply operations to their characteristics:

    <p>Nurse Tender Operations = Uses a tender adjacent to the attack pumper Modified Direct Pumping Operations = Supplies the attack engine with multiple units Folding/Dump Tank Operations = Involves tanking water at a dump site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Static pressure is water that is at rest.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate friction loss in 2½” hose?

    <p>2 x Q² x L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average coefficient for 2½” hose?

    <p>1.68</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the friction loss in 200 feet of 2.5” hose flowing 300 GPM?

    <p>36 psi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using the coefficient method, calculate the friction loss in 350’ of 2½” hose flowing 150 GPM.

    <p>13.23 psi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using the coefficient method, calculate the friction loss in 400’ of 3” hose flowing 300 GPM.

    <p>25.92 psi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Friction loss for flows less than 95 GPM is negligible.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hose is manufactured by Angus and used as a blitz line?

    <p>Hi-Combat ®</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hose type carried in four 50’ bundles is ___

    <p>Tru-ID 2.5 ®</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used to calculate friction loss in 5” hose in the field?

    <p>5” Hand Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the second leading cause of death among firefighters?

    <p>Vehicle collisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical factor that Driver Operators must comply with in Florida?

    <p>State motor vehicle laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept is NOT a part of defensive driving for Driver Operators?

    <p>Communication with dispatch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant factor that affects the handling of fire apparatus vehicles?

    <p>Weight transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can increase the risk of vehicle collisions among firefighters?

    <p>Excessive speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of driver's license must a Driver Operator have in Florida?

    <p>Class E driver's license</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fire apparatus is noted for having the highest average vehicle weight in Palm Beach County Fire-Rescue?

    <p>Aerial Apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the driving of fire apparatus considered a craft that needs to be continually honed?

    <p>Emergency situations can vary wildly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In relation to vehicle collisions for firefighters, which factor contributes to the increased risk?

    <p>Operating under low visibility conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical safety concern when driving top-heavy fire apparatus?

    <p>Higher potential for rollovers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the friction loss when the length of a hose is doubled, assuming the GPM remains constant?

    <p>Friction loss doubles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting friction loss in hose lines?

    <p>Water temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is considered the most accurate for determining friction loss?

    <p>Conducting tests to measure water flow at specific pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one achieve consistency in friction loss calculations across a fire department?

    <p>Conducting individual tests and sharing results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When considering the factors impacting friction loss, which of the following is an example of an equipment-related issue?

    <p>Sharp bends or kinks in the hose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of dispatching an additional suppression unit on a highway incident?

    <p>To block the incident and create a Safe Work Area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done when working on scene at night in relation to vehicle headlights?

    <p>Turn headlights off if facing oncoming traffic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When encountering railroad tracks during an emergency, what is the recommended practice?

    <p>Always treat the tracks as active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action should be taken to ensure visibility while working in poor conditions at night?

    <p>Deploy scene lights and flares</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical factor in the successful outcome of an incident when positioning first due units?

    <p>Setting a proper stage through initial placement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using modified direct pumping during a fire incident?

    <p>It increases the water supply by utilizing multiple units simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the arrival of the second supply unit affect the pressure in the modified direct pumping operation?

    <p>It maintains the initial pressure from the first supply unit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum water supply limited to the attack engine under standard conditions?

    <p>500 GPM based on the hose’s critical velocity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario is modified direct pumping deemed acceptable as a water supply tactic?

    <p>During short duration structure fires such as room and contents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pressure on the clapper valve of the siamese during a relay operation?

    <p>It increases as the first supply unit's water decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Relay Pumping Operations

    • Number of apparatus in a relay depends on lay length and required fire flow.
    • Apparatus with fire pumps can participate: “source” (water source) and “attack” (fire scene) engines, with “relay” pumpers in between.
    • Largest capacity pump should be positioned at the water source.
    • Preferred hose size for relay is 5” supply lines to minimize friction loss and maximize flow rate.
    • Hose lines must be positioned to the side of the roadway for clear access during an operation.
    • Establish a relay if the attack engine is over 500’ (5” line) or 300’ (3” line) from the hydrant.
    • More complex relays may necessitate appointing a Water Supply Officer (WSO) with knowledge of rural water supply tactics.
    • Communication during relay operations is vital; a dedicated TAC channel for water supply may be beneficial.
    • The WSO should be the sole communicator with the Incident Commander (IC).
    • Water supply size and flow information can be sourced from the Communications Center or water department.
    • In emergencies needing large flows, IC must direct the Communications Center to contact the Water Utility Company; relay specific needs and location.
    • Monthly water usage documentation for hydrant use required by each Battalion for incidents and training.
    • Report broken hydrants to the Fire Operations Officer and Water Officer using the specified notice.
    • Shut down relay operations by turning off the attack engine first, then proceed backward to the source for effective management.

    Water Shuttle Operations

    • A water shuttle operation supplies water when a reliable source is unavailable.
    • Involves tenders, engines, and brush trucks delivering and reloading water continuously.
    • Water shuttles are preferable when relay pumping is not feasible; however, relay pumping is often more reliable.
    • Ongoing radio communication and coordination among units and attack engine is critical.
    • Appointing a Water Supply Officer may enhance operational efficiency; additional supervisors may be assigned based on incident scale.
    • A separate TAC channel for water supply operations is also recommended.
    • Effective setup decisions are crucial for the success of water shuttle operations; pre-incident planning can aid in this process.

    Introduction

    • Purpose of the manual is to guide Driver Operators on fire service hydraulics and pumping.
    • Emphasizes common sense, problem-solving, and equipment understanding as essential traits for Driver Operators (DOs).
    • Highlights the necessity of understanding apparatus capabilities and troubleshooting.

    Emergency Driving (EVOC) & Apparatus Positioning

    • Firefighters face greater risks traveling to emergency scenes than during firefighting.
    • Palm Beach County Fire Rescue responds to around 150,000 calls annually, increasing road exposure.
    • 20-25% of firefighter injuries and deaths stem from vehicle collisions while responding to or returning from calls.
    • Essential factors causing vehicle incidents include excessive speed, intersection navigation issues, and inadequate training.

    Compliance and Safety Regulations

    • DOs must adhere to Florida state motor vehicle laws and PBCFR policies.
    • “Due regard” standard requires careful consideration for public safety during emergency responses.
    • Accountability for violating traffic laws includes possible civil or criminal prosecution.

    Vehicle Weight and Handling

    • Average weights of Palm Beach County Fire Rescue apparatus include:
      • Freightliner Engine: 33,000 lbs
      • E-One Typhoon Engine: 38,000 lbs
      • Sutphen Engine: 40,000 lbs
      • Aerial Apparatus: 50,000 lbs
      • Tender: 57,000 lbs
      • Brush Truck: 28,500 lbs
    • Heavy and top-heavy nature of fire apparatus increases rollover risks.

    Emergency Response Guidelines

    • Emphasizes proper preparation and thorough vehicle checks at shift start.
    • All personnel are required to wear seat belts during transportation.
    • Emergency lights and sirens must only be used for official responses; non-emergency use is prohibited.

    Siren Optimization

    • Proper siren use enhances visibility and alerts others effectively:
      • At 40 mph, siren projects 300 feet; at 50 mph, it is outrun.
      • Switch siren modes approaching intersections for better inclusion.

    Intersection and Limited Access Highway Safety

    • Complete stop required at intersections controlled by stop signs before proceeding safely.
    • Caution advised at green signals; reduce speed and prepare to stop.
    • U-turns allowed only for emergency responses on limited access highways under strict caution.

    Emergency Response Codes

    • Code 1: Normal driving without emergency lights/siren.
    • Code 2: Normal driving using emergency lights only.
    • Code 3: Use of lights/siren during emergency responses.

    Driving with Multiple Units

    • Maintain a separation distance of 300-500 feet between responding units.
    • Center lane driving encourages traffic to yield effectively.

    Night Driving Techniques

    • Dim dash lights and reduce speed to enhance visibility and control.
    • Scanning the roadway is crucial for effective night driving safety.

    General Roadway Safety

    • Traffic safety vests and bunker gear must be worn when working near traffic.
    • Always remain vigilant and aware of surroundings to reduce accidents.
    • Limit on-scene time to necessary operations only.### Traffic Control at Incident Scenes
    • Mark with paint and move vehicles off the roadway when possible to ensure safety.
    • Use emergency lights, traffic cones, flares, and law enforcement for traffic control.
    • Avoid utilizing firefighters for traffic direction; call PBSO for assistance early.
    • Caution is crucial in intersection incidents; stay alert to surroundings.
    • Assign a “lookout” or safety officer to monitor traffic and ensure a safe work area.
    • Position apparatus at a 45-degree angle to create a protective barrier for the work zone.
    • Maintain a minimum of 1.5 lanes for the safe work area; adjust as needed for safety.
    • Turn apparatus wheels away from the incident and chock the wheels for stability.
    • Deploy traffic cones at 15-foot intervals, with the furthest cone 75 feet upstream for warning; 150 feet upstream on limited access highways.
    • An additional suppression unit is dispatched for incidents on highways to enhance safety.
    • Direct occupants away from the roadway to protect them from harm.

    Night Operations and Rail Safety

    • Turn off headlights when facing oncoming traffic at night; use flares to mark cones.
    • Illuminate work areas with scene lights but avoid blinding oncoming drivers.
    • Treat railroad tracks as active; never stop or park on tracks; park on the incident side.

    Fireground Positioning

    • First due units establish a foundation for incident outcomes; initial positioning is vital.
    • Rescue is the top priority; allow room for aerial apparatus.
    • Water supply availability influences apparatus placement; orient engines for efficient hydrant connections.
    • Offensive strategies require closer placement to structures for quick access, while defensive operations need a greater distance for safety.
    • Consider collapse zones, at least 1.5 times the building height, for safe positioning.
    • Terrain affects placement; prefer paved surfaces and keep at least two wheels on pavement.
    • Prepare for potential relocation of apparatus as conditions may change; avoid blocking roadways and maintain access for hoses and incoming units.

    Backing Apparatus Safely

    • Many accidents occur during backing operations; avoid backing when possible.
    • Perform a Safety Circle Check to ensure the area is clear before backing.
    • Always have a backup person assist when backing; maintain eye contact and verbal communication.
    • If visual contact is lost at any point, the driver must stop immediately.
    • Use flashlights at night to aid visibility for backup personnel, avoiding direct blinding of the driver.
    • Adhere to hand signals for consistency in communication while backing.

    Water Supply Operations

    • A Driver Operator (DO) must efficiently secure water from various sources during operations.
    • Available water sources include tanks, hydrants, static water, and relay systems.
    • Tank capacities vary among apparatus types, influencing tactical decisions on water usage.
    • Monitor water levels and communicate drops to 50% and 25% to ensure readiness and safety.
    • Fire hydrants provide a reliable pressurized water source; operational hydrants are marked and accessible.
    • Choose hydrants based on flow capacity and proximity to the fire; assess the risk of close hydrants.
    • Document hydrant usage monthly and report non-functional hydrants to appropriate personnel.

    Special Considerations

    • Use proper speeds (10-15 mph) when driving while laying supply lines to prevent coupling issues.
    • Know how to handle Captivater locking hydrant caps and utilize specific tools for removal.### Hydrant Equipment and Usage
    • Palm Beach County Fire Rescue (PBCFR) units equipped with Captivater hydrant wrenches for accessing hydrants.
    • Sigelock fire hydrants installed in Boynton Beach and isolated areas serve as primary pressurized water sources; Sigelock hydrant wrenches are also distributed.
    • Reclaimed water flushing hydrants colored purple/pink used for irrigation and can discharge up to 500 GPM; not deemed secure water sources.

    Static Water Sources and Drafting

    • Drafting is the method of extracting water from static sources, including oceans, canals, lakes, and portable tanks.
    • Important to assess accessibility and water supply adequacy when drafting, especially during droughts which may lower water levels.
    • The Water Source Locator software shows reliable drafting locations, marked with blue hydrant symbols.

    Dry Hydrants

    • Dry hydrants are non-pressurized, permanently installed near static sources; tested annually under county fire code.
    • Green tags indicate operational hydrants, while red tags signify failed tests.
    • Some dry hydrants contain inline check valves; those without require back flushing to clear debris.

    Water Tanks and Cisterns

    • New construction sites must have a minimum 20,000-gallon water supply tank, positioned within 400 feet of structures.
    • Tanks identified by signage for fire department use; connections typically feature 4½” NST male threads.
    • Tanks should be gravity-fed, requiring drafting for firefighting operations.

    Rural Water Supply Operations

    • In rural areas, four key methods for water supply include Relay Pumping, Modified Direct Pumping, Nurse Tender operations, and Folding/Dump Tank operations.
    • Relay pumping is preferred for a continuous water source; involves two or more pumpers moving water with communication crucial for operation success.
    • Establish relay connections while keeping a minimum of 20 psi residual pressure on intake gauges.

    Water Shuttle Operations

    • Water shuttles transport water from a fill site to fire scenes, especially when relay pumping isn't feasible.
    • Effective communication and planning are vital for successful shuttle operations; appointments of Water Supply Officer (WSO) recommended.

    Nurse Tender Operations

    • Tenders supply water directly to attack engines, with priority attention to positioning and accessibility.
    • Suitable for short-duration fires but should transition to relay operations for longer incidents.

    Direct Pumping and Modified Direct Pumping

    • Direct pumping supplies an attack engine through a siamese with water from two source units, maintaining flow during transition.
    • Modified Direct Pumping allows multiple supply lines from different units, can provide up to 6000 gallons for initial fire attacks.

    Folding/Dump Tank Operations

    • Used when reliable water sources are too distant for relay pumping; involves transporting water to a dump tank at the incident site for immediate use.
    • Not the preferred choice due to logistical challenges; best utilized when other options are impractical.

    Introduction

    • Purpose of the manual is to guide Driver Operators on fire service hydraulics and pumping.
    • Emphasizes common sense, problem-solving, and equipment understanding as essential traits for Driver Operators (DOs).
    • Highlights the necessity of understanding apparatus capabilities and troubleshooting.

    Emergency Driving (EVOC) & Apparatus Positioning

    • Firefighters face greater risks traveling to emergency scenes than during firefighting.
    • Palm Beach County Fire Rescue responds to around 150,000 calls annually, increasing road exposure.
    • 20-25% of firefighter injuries and deaths stem from vehicle collisions while responding to or returning from calls.
    • Essential factors causing vehicle incidents include excessive speed, intersection navigation issues, and inadequate training.

    Compliance and Safety Regulations

    • DOs must adhere to Florida state motor vehicle laws and PBCFR policies.
    • “Due regard” standard requires careful consideration for public safety during emergency responses.
    • Accountability for violating traffic laws includes possible civil or criminal prosecution.

    Vehicle Weight and Handling

    • Average weights of Palm Beach County Fire Rescue apparatus include:
      • Freightliner Engine: 33,000 lbs
      • E-One Typhoon Engine: 38,000 lbs
      • Sutphen Engine: 40,000 lbs
      • Aerial Apparatus: 50,000 lbs
      • Tender: 57,000 lbs
      • Brush Truck: 28,500 lbs
    • Heavy and top-heavy nature of fire apparatus increases rollover risks.

    Emergency Response Guidelines

    • Emphasizes proper preparation and thorough vehicle checks at shift start.
    • All personnel are required to wear seat belts during transportation.
    • Emergency lights and sirens must only be used for official responses; non-emergency use is prohibited.

    Siren Optimization

    • Proper siren use enhances visibility and alerts others effectively:
      • At 40 mph, siren projects 300 feet; at 50 mph, it is outrun.
      • Switch siren modes approaching intersections for better inclusion.

    Intersection and Limited Access Highway Safety

    • Complete stop required at intersections controlled by stop signs before proceeding safely.
    • Caution advised at green signals; reduce speed and prepare to stop.
    • U-turns allowed only for emergency responses on limited access highways under strict caution.

    Emergency Response Codes

    • Code 1: Normal driving without emergency lights/siren.
    • Code 2: Normal driving using emergency lights only.
    • Code 3: Use of lights/siren during emergency responses.

    Driving with Multiple Units

    • Maintain a separation distance of 300-500 feet between responding units.
    • Center lane driving encourages traffic to yield effectively.

    Night Driving Techniques

    • Dim dash lights and reduce speed to enhance visibility and control.
    • Scanning the roadway is crucial for effective night driving safety.

    General Roadway Safety

    • Traffic safety vests and bunker gear must be worn when working near traffic.
    • Always remain vigilant and aware of surroundings to reduce accidents.
    • Limit on-scene time to necessary operations only.### Traffic Control at Incident Scenes
    • Mark with paint and move vehicles off the roadway when possible to ensure safety.
    • Use emergency lights, traffic cones, flares, and law enforcement for traffic control.
    • Avoid utilizing firefighters for traffic direction; call PBSO for assistance early.
    • Caution is crucial in intersection incidents; stay alert to surroundings.
    • Assign a “lookout” or safety officer to monitor traffic and ensure a safe work area.
    • Position apparatus at a 45-degree angle to create a protective barrier for the work zone.
    • Maintain a minimum of 1.5 lanes for the safe work area; adjust as needed for safety.
    • Turn apparatus wheels away from the incident and chock the wheels for stability.
    • Deploy traffic cones at 15-foot intervals, with the furthest cone 75 feet upstream for warning; 150 feet upstream on limited access highways.
    • An additional suppression unit is dispatched for incidents on highways to enhance safety.
    • Direct occupants away from the roadway to protect them from harm.

    Night Operations and Rail Safety

    • Turn off headlights when facing oncoming traffic at night; use flares to mark cones.
    • Illuminate work areas with scene lights but avoid blinding oncoming drivers.
    • Treat railroad tracks as active; never stop or park on tracks; park on the incident side.

    Fireground Positioning

    • First due units establish a foundation for incident outcomes; initial positioning is vital.
    • Rescue is the top priority; allow room for aerial apparatus.
    • Water supply availability influences apparatus placement; orient engines for efficient hydrant connections.
    • Offensive strategies require closer placement to structures for quick access, while defensive operations need a greater distance for safety.
    • Consider collapse zones, at least 1.5 times the building height, for safe positioning.
    • Terrain affects placement; prefer paved surfaces and keep at least two wheels on pavement.
    • Prepare for potential relocation of apparatus as conditions may change; avoid blocking roadways and maintain access for hoses and incoming units.

    Backing Apparatus Safely

    • Many accidents occur during backing operations; avoid backing when possible.
    • Perform a Safety Circle Check to ensure the area is clear before backing.
    • Always have a backup person assist when backing; maintain eye contact and verbal communication.
    • If visual contact is lost at any point, the driver must stop immediately.
    • Use flashlights at night to aid visibility for backup personnel, avoiding direct blinding of the driver.
    • Adhere to hand signals for consistency in communication while backing.

    Water Supply Operations

    • A Driver Operator (DO) must efficiently secure water from various sources during operations.
    • Available water sources include tanks, hydrants, static water, and relay systems.
    • Tank capacities vary among apparatus types, influencing tactical decisions on water usage.
    • Monitor water levels and communicate drops to 50% and 25% to ensure readiness and safety.
    • Fire hydrants provide a reliable pressurized water source; operational hydrants are marked and accessible.
    • Choose hydrants based on flow capacity and proximity to the fire; assess the risk of close hydrants.
    • Document hydrant usage monthly and report non-functional hydrants to appropriate personnel.

    Special Considerations

    • Use proper speeds (10-15 mph) when driving while laying supply lines to prevent coupling issues.
    • Know how to handle Captivater locking hydrant caps and utilize specific tools for removal.### Hydrant Equipment and Usage
    • Palm Beach County Fire Rescue (PBCFR) units equipped with Captivater hydrant wrenches for accessing hydrants.
    • Sigelock fire hydrants installed in Boynton Beach and isolated areas serve as primary pressurized water sources; Sigelock hydrant wrenches are also distributed.
    • Reclaimed water flushing hydrants colored purple/pink used for irrigation and can discharge up to 500 GPM; not deemed secure water sources.

    Static Water Sources and Drafting

    • Drafting is the method of extracting water from static sources, including oceans, canals, lakes, and portable tanks.
    • Important to assess accessibility and water supply adequacy when drafting, especially during droughts which may lower water levels.
    • The Water Source Locator software shows reliable drafting locations, marked with blue hydrant symbols.

    Dry Hydrants

    • Dry hydrants are non-pressurized, permanently installed near static sources; tested annually under county fire code.
    • Green tags indicate operational hydrants, while red tags signify failed tests.
    • Some dry hydrants contain inline check valves; those without require back flushing to clear debris.

    Water Tanks and Cisterns

    • New construction sites must have a minimum 20,000-gallon water supply tank, positioned within 400 feet of structures.
    • Tanks identified by signage for fire department use; connections typically feature 4½” NST male threads.
    • Tanks should be gravity-fed, requiring drafting for firefighting operations.

    Rural Water Supply Operations

    • In rural areas, four key methods for water supply include Relay Pumping, Modified Direct Pumping, Nurse Tender operations, and Folding/Dump Tank operations.
    • Relay pumping is preferred for a continuous water source; involves two or more pumpers moving water with communication crucial for operation success.
    • Establish relay connections while keeping a minimum of 20 psi residual pressure on intake gauges.

    Water Shuttle Operations

    • Water shuttles transport water from a fill site to fire scenes, especially when relay pumping isn't feasible.
    • Effective communication and planning are vital for successful shuttle operations; appointments of Water Supply Officer (WSO) recommended.

    Nurse Tender Operations

    • Tenders supply water directly to attack engines, with priority attention to positioning and accessibility.
    • Suitable for short-duration fires but should transition to relay operations for longer incidents.

    Direct Pumping and Modified Direct Pumping

    • Direct pumping supplies an attack engine through a siamese with water from two source units, maintaining flow during transition.
    • Modified Direct Pumping allows multiple supply lines from different units, can provide up to 6000 gallons for initial fire attacks.

    Folding/Dump Tank Operations

    • Used when reliable water sources are too distant for relay pumping; involves transporting water to a dump tank at the incident site for immediate use.
    • Not the preferred choice due to logistical challenges; best utilized when other options are impractical.

    Daily Risks for Firefighters

    • Regular travel and operations involve risks due to accidents, with 20-25% of firefighter injuries and fatalities arising from vehicle collisions.
    • Vehicle accidents rank as the second leading cause of death among firefighters, often attributed to speeding, poor navigation, and lack of seatbelt use.

    Driver Operator Responsibilities

    • The primary goal for Driver Operators (DO) is safe and efficient arrival at emergency scenes, adhering to all Florida vehicle laws and departmental regulations.
    • Familiarity with defensive driving concepts—safe following distances, evasive maneuvers, and anticipating other drivers’ actions—is crucial.
    • DOs should understand vehicle dynamics such as reaction and braking times, weight transfer, and the high center of gravity which increases rollover risk.

    Vehicle Specifications and Handling

    • Average weights for Palm Beach County Fire-Rescue (PBCFR) apparatus include:
      • Freightliner Engine: 33,000 lbs
      • E-One Typhoon Engine: 38,000 lbs
      • Sutphen Engine: 40,000 lbs
      • Aerial Apparatus: 50,000 lbs
      • Tender: 57,000 lbs
      • Brush Truck: 28,500 lbs
    • The handling of vehicles is affected by their heavy weight and high center of gravity, demanding cautious and skilled operation.

    Emergency Scene Protocols

    • Fire incidents require prompt action, which may include deploying additional units for road safety.
    • Important protocols involve using cones, flares, and scene lights to enhance visibility and safety during emergencies, especially in low-light conditions.
    • Personnel should treat railway tracks as active and avoid parking on tracks to prevent accidents.

    Apparatus Positioning on Fireground

    • Initial placement of units is critical for operational success; no universal rule governs fireground positioning.
    • The system requires coordination among multiple water supply units to effectively relay water from various apparatus to firefighting efforts.
    • Water supply is often limited to 500 gallons per minute (GPM) due to hose friction constraints; Modified Direct Pumping is recommended for greater water flow in rural areas.

    Modified Direct Pumping

    • This tactic consolidates supply from multiple units, yielding up to 6,000 gallons for immediate fire attack during initial responses in rural areas.
    • Efficiency in this method is crucial for short-duration fires, maximizing the use of every apparatus on scene.

    Friction Loss in Hose Lines

    • Friction loss increases with hose length; for example, doubling the distance of 1¾” hose flowing at 100 GPM doubles the friction loss from 15 psi to 30 psi.
    • Factors affecting friction loss include hose condition, bends or kinks, and valve positioning.
    • Accurate friction loss calculations are essential during operations; methods such as hands-on tests and departmental standardization help ensure consistency and reliability in water flow assessments.

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