Optics: Types of Mirrors and Mirror Equations

Types of mirrors:
- Plane mirrors: flat mirrors that produce a virtual image
- Spherical mirrors: curved mirrors that can produce real or virtual images
- Concave mirrors: curved inward, can produce real or virtual images
- Convex mirrors: curved outward, produce virtual images
Mirror equation: 1/f = 1/do + 1/di, where f is the focal length, do is the object distance, and di is the image distance
Mirror formula: magnification = -di/do, where di is the image distance and do is the object distance

Types of reflection:
- Specular reflection: mirror-like reflection, where the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection
- Diffuse reflection: scattered reflection, where the angle of incidence does not equal the angle of reflection
Law of reflection: the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection
Reflection of light:
- Regular reflection: occurs at a smooth surface
- Irregular reflection: occurs at a rough surface

Types of lenses:
- Convex lenses: thicker in the middle, converge light rays
- Concave lenses: thinner in the middle, diverge light rays
- Plano lenses: one flat surface and one curved surface
Lensmaker's equation: 1/f = (n-1)(1/R1 - 1/R2), where f is the focal length, n is the refractive index, and R1 and R2 are the radii of curvature
Lens formula: 1/do + 1/di = 1/f, where do is the object distance, di is the image distance, and f is the focal length

Refraction: the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another
Snell's law: n1 sinθ1 = n2 sinθ2, where n1 and n2 are the refractive indices, and θ1 and θ2 are the angles of incidence and refraction
Total internal reflection: occurs when light passes from a medium with a higher refractive index to a medium with a lower refractive index, and the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle
Refractive index: a measure of how much a medium bends light, n = c/v, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum and v is the speed of light in the medium

Critical angle: the angle of incidence above which total internal reflection occurs
Total internal reflection: occurs when light passes from a medium with a higher refractive index to a medium with a lower refractive index, and the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle
Applications of total internal reflection:
- Optical fibers: use total internal reflection to transmit data as light signals
- Prisms: use total internal reflection to bend light and separate colors
- Mirrors: use total internal reflection to reflect light back to the source

Mirror equation: 1/f = 1/do + 1/di, where f is the focal length, do is the object distance, and di is the image distance
Mirror formula: magnification = -di/do, where di is the image distance and do is the object distance

Specular reflection is mirror-like, where the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection
Diffuse reflection is scattered, where the angle of incidence does not equal the angle of reflection
Law of reflection: the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection
Regular reflection occurs at smooth surfaces
Irregular reflection occurs at rough surfaces

Convex lenses are thicker in the middle and converge light rays
Concave lenses are thinner in the middle and diverge light rays
Plano lenses have one flat surface and one curved surface
Lensmaker's equation: 1/f = (n-1)(1/R1 - 1/R2), where f is the focal length, n is the refractive index, and R1 and R2 are the radii of curvature
Lens formula: 1/do + 1/di = 1/f, where do is the object distance, di is the image distance, and f is the focal length

Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another
Snell's law: n1 sinθ1 = n2 sinθ2, where n1 and n2 are the refractive indices, and θ1 and θ2 are the angles of incidence and refraction
Total internal reflection occurs when light passes from a medium with a higher refractive index to a medium with a lower refractive index, and the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle
Refractive index is a measure of how much a medium bends light, n = c/v, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum and v is the speed of light in the medium

Critical angle is the angle of incidence above which total internal reflection occurs
Applications of total internal reflection include:
- Optical fibers: use total internal reflection to transmit data as light signals
- Prisms: use total internal reflection to bend light and separate colors
- Mirrors: use total internal reflection to reflect light back to the source