Chapter 2 Militarization Pt.1

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Questions and Answers

What is the paradox of coercive power, as mentioned in the text?

The more officers appear willing to use force, the less actual violence occurs. (correct)

The use of fear reduces the likelihood of injuries to officers and civilians.

The more officers appear willing to use force, the more likely citizens are to fight back.

The nastier an officer's reputation, the more violent they have to act.

What is the implication of the statement: 'To do this job people don’t have to like you, they just have to fear you'?

Officers can be effective only if they are liked by the people.

Officers need to be feared rather than liked in order to be effective. (correct)

Officers should focus on gaining trust rather than instilling fear.

Officers need both fear and likability to be effective in their job.

What is the authors' argument regarding the relationship between fear and violence?

Fear increases the likelihood of violence by escalating confrontations.

Fear reduces the likelihood of violence by instilling a sense of deterrence. (correct)

Fear has no impact on the occurrence of violence in police-citizen interactions.

Fear leads to a mutual understanding between officers and citizens, reducing violence.

What is the main focus of Kraska and Paulson's argument in their 1997 article?

Police militarization Signup and view all the answers

What did the review of Kraska's research and cited sources reveal?

Misinterpretation or distortion of original source material Signup and view all the answers

What did the interviews conducted to evaluate Kraska's research reveal?

Inaccuracies in Kraska's research Signup and view all the answers

What did Kraska observe during the shooting session at the firing range with SWAT officers?

A pyrotechnics frenzy Signup and view all the answers

How did Kraska describe the individuals he observed at the firing range?

In a frenzy and using loaded language Signup and view all the answers

Why did Kraska find many of the individuals ideologically repulsive?

Due to their use of force in their jobs Signup and view all the answers

How did Kraska view the unregulated nature of police work?

As an exhilarating escape from his middle-class life Signup and view all the answers

What is seen as a necessity for police officers due to threats to their physical safety?

A macho and physically aggressive demeanor Signup and view all the answers

Who did Kraska criticize for sensationalizing police actions?

The media Signup and view all the answers

What event in Cincinnati led to a decrease in arrests and traffic stops by police officers?

A white officer's shooting of an unarmed black man Signup and view all the answers

What is 'The Ferguson effect'?

A current notion that suggests officers are holding back or avoiding interactions in minority neighborhoods. Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of a shooting of a black man by a white officer in Seattle?

Protests and the fatal shooting of a white police officer by a mentally ill man. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of Kraska and Paulsen's research?

The shift from reactive to proactive policing in a specific city Signup and view all the answers

What did Kraska and Paulsen find regarding the SWAT team's call-outs from 1982 to 1995?

The percentage of proactive call-outs increased over time Signup and view all the answers

What was the reason behind the shift in the SWAT team's functioning according to the department's chief?

The crack epidemic led to an increase in barricaded suspects and armed individuals Signup and view all the answers

What is Kraska's main concern regarding the training received by U.S. SWAT teams?

The militarization and warrior mentality instilled through training Signup and view all the answers

According to Kraska, why do SWAT officers enjoy military-style training?

Because it satisfies most men's boyhood fantasies about being a warrior. Signup and view all the answers

What is Kraska's concern regarding the training received by U.S. SWAT teams from military Special Forces personnel?

It contributes to a militarized mindset within SWAT units. Signup and view all the answers

What did Kraska and Paulsen find regarding the functioning of most U.S. SWAT teams?

They were increasingly involved in proactive call-outs over time. Signup and view all the answers

According to Waddington (1993), what is the purpose of the defensive equipment used by SWAT officers?

To protect officers in high-risk situations such as drug raids. Signup and view all the answers

According to Kraska's argument, what does militarization in policing primarily focus on?

The ideology of aggressiveness and the use of force as problem-solving tools Signup and view all the answers

Who defined paramilitarism as a form of policing for controlling large public disturbances?

Jefferson Signup and view all the answers

Which researcher saw paramilitarism as the coordination of police in a military-style command structure to prevent officers from acting brutally?

Waddington Signup and view all the answers

According to Hills, what did paramilitarism involve?

Tight bond between police and military Signup and view all the answers

What did Kraska's research approach raise questions about?

His own values and ability to conduct unbiased research Signup and view all the answers

What did Kraska rely heavily on, which were not clearly defined?

'Militarism' and 'paramilitarism' Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Kraska's argument focuses on the concept of "police militarization"
Kraska references early studies on paramilitarism in policing by Jefferson (1990), Waddington (1993), and Hills (1995), all from England
Jefferson defined paramilitarism as a form of policing for controlling large public disturbances, focusing on "search and destroy missions" against "enemy troublemakers"
Waddington saw paramilitarism as the coordination of police in a military-style command structure to prevent officers from acting brutally
Hills argued that paramilitarism was the tight bond between police and military, but later confused the issue by defining it as a function
Kraska's definition of militarization focuses on the ideology of aggressiveness and the use of force as problem-solving tools
Kraska heavily relied on the terms "militarism" and "paramilitarism," which were not clearly defined, allowing him to blur the differences between military and police actions
Kraska expressed discomfort conducting research on SWAT teams due to his disdain for militarism and his value-oriented approach
Kraska's personal experience with SWAT teams led him to observe an "ideology of violence—militarism and hypermasculinity" that he found addictive.
Kraska's research approach was not value-neutral as stated in the text.
Militarization in policing focuses on the ideology and use of force as problem-solving tools, not the existence of a large army or military-style command structure.
Kraska's research on SWAT teams raised questions about his own values, his ability to conduct unbiased research, and the relationship between militarism, hypermasculinity, and the police.

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