Podcast
Questions and Answers
What do Cloward and Ohlin's theory emphasize regarding lower-class juveniles?
What do Cloward and Ohlin's theory emphasize regarding lower-class juveniles?
- The gap between desires and available means influences their behavior. (correct)
- They only resort to crime out of necessity.
- Their behavior is solely influenced by peer associations.
- They have access to both legitimate and illegitimate opportunities equally.
What does Anomie and Synomie Theory suggest about societal norms?
What does Anomie and Synomie Theory suggest about societal norms?
- Older norms become stronger with progressive lifestyles.
- Disintegration of older norms can weaken social cohesion. (correct)
- Changes in values have no effect on individuals' behaviors.
- All norms are equally accepted regardless of progress.
Which three elements must align for a crime to occur according to Routine Activities Theory?
Which three elements must align for a crime to occur according to Routine Activities Theory?
- A planned approach, a surveillance system, and public awareness.
- A skilled offender, a protective target, and community outreach.
- A motivated offender, a suitable target, and a lack of guardianship. (correct)
- An emotional trigger, a quiet location, and a lack of witnesses.
According to Deprivation Theory, what contributes to unrealistic expectations among lower-class individuals?
According to Deprivation Theory, what contributes to unrealistic expectations among lower-class individuals?
What is a key aspect of policing in a multicultural society?
What is a key aspect of policing in a multicultural society?
How can police departments effectively address language barriers?
How can police departments effectively address language barriers?
What is the primary goal of community policing in multicultural societies?
What is the primary goal of community policing in multicultural societies?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of absolute monarchies?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of absolute monarchies?
What is a common benefit of community policing initiatives?
What is a common benefit of community policing initiatives?
Which of the following best describes a constitutional monarchy?
Which of the following best describes a constitutional monarchy?
Study Notes
Opportunity Theory
- Developed by criminologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin, merging Merton's strain theory with Sutherland's differential association theory.
- Examines the gap between lower-class juveniles' desires and available means, emphasizing that individuals have varying levels of legitimate and illegitimate opportunities.
- Greater discrepancies between desires and legal means lead to increased exposure to illegitimate means, such as drug dealing.
Routine Activities Theory
- Crime occurs when three key elements overlap: a suitable target, a motivated offender, and the absence of guardianship.
- A suitable target is often unprotected, making it an easy mark for crime.
- Example: A motivated thief committing a crime near an unprotected target.
Demographic Theory
- Highlights the correlation between baby booms and the growth of delinquent subcultures due to adolescent identity crises.
Deprivation Theory
- As societal expectations rise, individuals at the bottom experience growing dissatisfaction with their situation while those at the top feel they are not progressing quickly enough.
Anomie and Synomie Theory
- Anomie refers to a breakdown of social norms, while synomie denotes social cohesion based on shared values.
- These theories suggest that modern lifestyles and progressive norms contribute to the erosion of traditional values that previously united people.
Policing in Multicultural Society
- Requires cultural competence to understand and respect diverse backgrounds, improving police-community relations.
- Addressing historical policing issues can enhance minority communities' access to law enforcement services.
- Cultural awareness fosters better communication and understanding between police and diverse community members.
Understanding Cultural Differences
- Law enforcement officers must appreciate different cultural values to improve community relations.
- Cultural nuances can influence behaviors perceived as suspicious to outsiders but are lawful within specific cultures.
- Training programs and community engagements help bridge gaps, build trust, and reduce biases in policing.
Community Policing Approach
- Emphasizes collaboration between police and local communities for crime prevention and addressing public safety concerns.
- Engaging community members as partners yields insights into cultural dynamics affecting safety.
- Organizing events like neighborhood watches fosters dialogue and mutual respect among diverse groups, improving trust in law enforcement.
Language Access Services
- Language barriers impede communication between law enforcement and non-English speaking individuals.
- Providing language access services ensures all citizens can exercise their rights and engage with the criminal justice system effectively.
Absolute Monarchy
- Monarchs claim authority based on the divine right of kings, asserting their power is God-given and not subject to limitation by subjects or institutions.
- Countries with absolute monarchies include Brunei, Eswatini, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Vatican City, and the emirates of the UAE.
Limited or Constitutional Monarchy
- A form of government where a monarch's authority is constrained by a constitution.
- Examples of constitutional monarchies are the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Japan.
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Description
Explore the key concepts of Opportunity Theory developed by criminologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin. This quiz delves into the integration of Merton's strain theory with Sutherland's differential association theory, focusing on the disparities faced by lower-class juveniles in achieving their desires. Test your understanding of the factors that influence legitimate and illegitimate opportunities.
