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Questions and Answers
Which xanthine is derived specifically from the cacao plant?
Which xanthine is derived specifically from the cacao plant?
What is the average caffeine content in a cup of coffee?
What is the average caffeine content in a cup of coffee?
Which xanthine is used as an asthma medication in high doses?
Which xanthine is used as an asthma medication in high doses?
Which xanthine has the greatest stimulant effect on the central nervous system?
Which xanthine has the greatest stimulant effect on the central nervous system?
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What is the dependence withdrawal symptom associated with caffeine?
What is the dependence withdrawal symptom associated with caffeine?
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How long does it generally take for caffeine to reach peak levels after oral consumption?
How long does it generally take for caffeine to reach peak levels after oral consumption?
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Which xanthine has the least potent cardiac stimulating effect?
Which xanthine has the least potent cardiac stimulating effect?
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Which neurotransmitters are identified as morphine-like neurotransmitters found in the brain?
Which neurotransmitters are identified as morphine-like neurotransmitters found in the brain?
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What is the primary effect when mu opioid receptors are activated?
What is the primary effect when mu opioid receptors are activated?
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Which of the following is a strong full opiate agonist?
Which of the following is a strong full opiate agonist?
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Which opioid antagonist reverses respiratory depression due to opioid overdose?
Which opioid antagonist reverses respiratory depression due to opioid overdose?
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What is a common misconception about the use of opioids?
What is a common misconception about the use of opioids?
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What are the effects associated with kappa opioid receptors?
What are the effects associated with kappa opioid receptors?
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In which scenario is naltrexone administered?
In which scenario is naltrexone administered?
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What potential side effects can result from opioid use in high doses?
What potential side effects can result from opioid use in high doses?
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What is the primary mechanism by which xanthines exert their effects in the brain?
What is the primary mechanism by which xanthines exert their effects in the brain?
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Which physiological effect is associated with the use of xanthines?
Which physiological effect is associated with the use of xanthines?
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Which of the following is classified as a natural opioid?
Which of the following is classified as a natural opioid?
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What distinguishes antagonists from agonists in opioid pharmacology?
What distinguishes antagonists from agonists in opioid pharmacology?
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Which of the following describes the properties of morphine?
Which of the following describes the properties of morphine?
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Which drug is an example of a semi-synthetic opioid?
Which drug is an example of a semi-synthetic opioid?
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What is a partial agonist in the context of opioid receptors?
What is a partial agonist in the context of opioid receptors?
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Which of the following effects is not typically associated with the use of opioids?
Which of the following effects is not typically associated with the use of opioids?
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What is a common psychological effect experienced while using LSD?
What is a common psychological effect experienced while using LSD?
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What is the primary active ingredient in psilocybin mushrooms?
What is the primary active ingredient in psilocybin mushrooms?
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How long does it typically take for LSD to take effect after ingestion?
How long does it typically take for LSD to take effect after ingestion?
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Which of the following substances is primarily associated with euphoric effects at lower doses?
Which of the following substances is primarily associated with euphoric effects at lower doses?
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What physiological response is commonly associated with all mentioned hallucinogens?
What physiological response is commonly associated with all mentioned hallucinogens?
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Which neurotransmitter does LSD primarily stimulate to exert its effects?
Which neurotransmitter does LSD primarily stimulate to exert its effects?
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How long is the typical duration of effects for MDMA?
How long is the typical duration of effects for MDMA?
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What major physical effect is observed in users of mescaline?
What major physical effect is observed in users of mescaline?
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What is true regarding cross tolerance in opioids?
What is true regarding cross tolerance in opioids?
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Which psychological dependence characteristic involves experiencing withdrawal symptoms when not using the drug?
Which psychological dependence characteristic involves experiencing withdrawal symptoms when not using the drug?
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Which of the following is an example of a deliriant?
Which of the following is an example of a deliriant?
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What chemical structure does MDMA share that categorizes it as a catechol?
What chemical structure does MDMA share that categorizes it as a catechol?
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What is a characteristic of phantastica psychedelics?
What is a characteristic of phantastica psychedelics?
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What is a common misconception regarding opioid withdrawal?
What is a common misconception regarding opioid withdrawal?
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Which of these substances is classified as an indole psychedelic?
Which of these substances is classified as an indole psychedelic?
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What factor is NOT considered for the classification of psychedelics?
What factor is NOT considered for the classification of psychedelics?
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What is the primary receptor that THC mostly binds to in the brain?
What is the primary receptor that THC mostly binds to in the brain?
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After oral administration of THC, when do peak effects typically occur?
After oral administration of THC, when do peak effects typically occur?
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What percentage of THC and its metabolites remain in the body after one week?
What percentage of THC and its metabolites remain in the body after one week?
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Which physiological effect is associated with marijuana use shortly after ingestion?
Which physiological effect is associated with marijuana use shortly after ingestion?
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What medical use was Dronabinol approved for in 1985?
What medical use was Dronabinol approved for in 1985?
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What effect does chronic introduction of THC have on tolerance levels?
What effect does chronic introduction of THC have on tolerance levels?
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What is a common withdrawal symptom associated with THC cessation?
What is a common withdrawal symptom associated with THC cessation?
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What physiological effect results from acute exposure to marijuana?
What physiological effect results from acute exposure to marijuana?
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Study Notes
Tobacco
- Psychoactive chemical: Nicotine
- Safer cigarettes: A debated topic
- Health hazards and carcinogens: Tobacco/tobacco smoke affects nearly all body parts (mouth, brain, stomach, reproductive system). It contains numerous damaging chemicals like acetone, ammonia, and hexamine.
- Tar: Condensed particles in cigarettes, producing a brown mass.
- Carcinogens: Combined with other chemicals to cause cancer. Examples include Benzo(a)pyrene, Nitrosamine, and Urethane.
- Poisonous substances: Arsenic and Hydrogen cyanide
- Smokeless tobacco & health concerns: Carry warning labels; increased risk of dental disease and oral cancer.
- Carcinogens: Contain potent carcinogens like nitrosamines, causing leukoplakia.
E-Cigarettes
- Nicotine delivery system: Turns nicotine and other chemicals into vapor.
- Long-term effects: Affects lungs, heart, blood vessels, and other organs.
- Cause of death: The greatest avoidable cause of death, risk increases for those who start young.
- Chronic Bronchitis (COPD): inflammation of the airways
- Blood Vessels: Nicotine affects blood vessels, leading to plaque buildup.
- Diabetes: Can cause insulin resistance in those with diabetes.
Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)
- Components: Mainstream, sidestream, and thirdhand smoke.
- Health effects: Classified as a Class A carcinogen (highly hazardous)
- Mainstream: Smoke exhaled by the smoker.
- Sidestream: Smoke rising from the cigarette's ash.
- Thirdhand: Residual nicotine and chemicals left on surfaces by tobacco/vapes.
Effects of ETS and Tobacco
- Respiratory problems: Cough, headaches, eye and sinus problems.
- Health implications: 3,400 deaths due to lung cancer and 46,000 deaths from heart disease.
- Effects on children: Increased risk of bronchitis, pneumonia, and SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome).
- Reduced lung function: Asthma, and other breathing issues
- Pregnancy complications: Miscarriage, low birth weight, and SIDS.
Nicotine Pharmacology
- Absorption, metabolism, and mechanism of action: An active ingredient (a natural liquid alkaloid). Colorless and volatile.
- Tolerance and dependence: Develops quickly. Lethal dose is 60 mg.
- Inhalation: Very effective, 90% of inhaled nicotine is absorbed.
- Deactivation: 80-90% of nicotine is deactivated in the liver and excreted via kidneys.
- Liver Enzymes: Nicotine use increases liver enzyme activity, contributing to tolerance, and potentially leading to lethal doses due to reduced deactivation.
- Short Half-life: 24-84 minutes.
- Active Metabolite: Cotinine.
- Inactive Metabolite: 3-Hydroxycotinine
- Mechanism of action: Mimics acetylcholine, stimulating, then blocking receptor sites. Causes a release of dopamine and adrenaline.
- Indirect Sympathomimetic effect
Quitting Smoking
- Challenges: Physiological and behavioral issues
- Treatments: Pharmacological and replacement therapies.
- CNS and circulatory system: Increased heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen need of the heart, and decreased blood oxygen potentially leading to shortness of breath.
- Behavioral effects: Nicotine has both stimulant and calming effects.
- Replacement Therapy: Delivering nicotine without tar or carbon monoxide. Examples: gum, patches, and inhalers.
- Pharmacological: Bupropion (zyban)
Caffeine
- Category: Xanthine
- Xanthines: Caffeine, theophylline, theobromine; three primary sources
- Purine base: Found in human bodies and other organisms.
- Plant sources: Coffee plants, tea plants, and cacao plants.
Caffeine Content
- Coffee: 90-95mg of caffeine per cup
- Tea: 40-60mg of caffeine per cup (varies with type and brewing strength)
- Tea leaves (1 lb) equivalent: 200 cups of tea
- Coffee (1 lb) equivalent: 50-60 cups of coffee
- Theophylline (Tea): Very small amount (0.3% by mass), used as an asthma medication in higher doses
- Theobromine (Chocolate) : Similar to caffeine but less potent. Avg cup: ~200mg.
- Cocoa (avg cup): 4mg of caffeine
Caffeine Pharmacology
- Effects on CNS and Cardiovascular System: Stimulation and effects that can include dependence
- Dependence: Withdrawal symptoms (fatigue, headache). DSM-5 does not list caffeine as a substance use disorder.
Caffeine Mechanism
- Mechanism of Action: Xanthines block adenosine receptors in the brain
- Adenosine: Behavioral sedation (inhibitory neurotransmitter). Modulates other neurotransmitters (dopamine and epinephrine).
- Physiological Effects: Stimulates the CNS (central nervous system) and skeletal muscles, causing sleep disturbances.
- Cardiovascular effects: Theophylline and theobromine are more potent cardiac stimulants than caffeine.
Caffeine CNS Effects
- Stimulant Effect: Caffeine is the greatest stimulant. Theobromine and theophylline have less of an effect.
- Time course: Rapid absorption, peaks in 30 minutes, half-life of 3 hours (short duration).
Opioids
- Naturally occurring: Derived from the poppy plant.
- Uses: Pain relief, pleasure, and anxiety relief.
- Classification: Analgesic (pain relief), Anesthetic (lack of sensory feeling from the body).
- Natural forms: Morphine, codeine, thebaine
- Semisynthetic: Heroin, oxymorphone, hydromorphone
- Synthetic: Meperidine, methadone, morphine derivatives, benzamorphans.
Opioid Classification
- Opiates: Opium, morphine, codeine—more natural origin
- Opioids: Heroin, fentanyl, morphine—derivatives more pervasive
Opioid Receptors and Mechanism
- Mechanism of action: Bind to opioid receptors in the brain (mu, delta, kappa).
- Effects: Brain reward system, dopamine release, GABA and norepinephrine blockage
- Antagonists: Naltrexone, nalorphine, naloxone—block opioid receptor action (reverse opioid overdose symptoms.)
Opioid Risks
- Acute toxicity: Respiratory depression potentially fatal
- Chronic toxicity: Associated with injection & blood borne diseases.
- Misconceptions: Withdrawal is not always severe, not always addiction after one use.
- Tolerance: Cross-tolerance among opioids; higher doses needed to maintain effects.
Psychedelics
- Effects: Alter perceptions. Mood changes.
- Uses: Treat mental health illness/conditions.
- Types: LSD, psilocybin, and MDMA (examples)
- Chemical Classes: Indole and catechol groups
Psychedelic Factors
- Chemical structure
- Pharmacological properties
- Effects: Mental confusion and loss of touch with reality.
- Physiological effects: Increased heart rate, pupils dilation, blocks mucus production, and inhibits salivation
Marijuana
- Schedule 1 drug: A category of controlled substances
- Plant source: Derived from the cannabis plant
- THC: Primary psychoactive ingredient
- Cannabinoids: Unique plant chemicals (70 types) including CBD for medicinal use (no psychoactive effects.)
Marijuana Pharmacology
- Time course: THC affects the brain quickly with peak effects in 5-10 minutes and lasts 1-3 hours. Oral use peaks after 90 minutes and lasts 8-10 hours
- Metabolism: Metabolized by the liver enzymes—CYP450-3A4
- Potency: 11-hydroxy-delta-9-THC is more potent.
- Physiological effects: Increases heart rate; red eyes, dry mouth, increased appetite.
Marijuana Mechanisms
- Action on the brain: THC and other cannabinoids bind to CB1 & CB2 receptors, affects dopamine & norepinephrine, leading to psychological side effects.
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Description
Test your knowledge on xanthines and their effects, as well as opioid mechanisms and their clinical applications. This quiz covers caffeine, the cacao-derived xanthine, and various aspects of opioid pharmacology. Explore topics such as dependence, receptor activation, and medication uses.
