Opioid and Xanthine Knowledge Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which xanthine is derived specifically from the cacao plant?

  • Theobromine (correct)
  • Caffeine
  • Theophylline
  • Xanthine

    • What is the average caffeine content in a cup of coffee?

  • 40-60 mg
  • 200 mg
  • 4 mg
  • 90-95 mg (correct)

    • Which xanthine is used as an asthma medication in high doses?

  • Theobromine
  • Xanthine
  • Caffeine
  • Theophylline (correct)

    • Which xanthine has the greatest stimulant effect on the central nervous system?

    <p>Caffeine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dependence withdrawal symptom associated with caffeine?

    <p>Fatigue and headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it generally take for caffeine to reach peak levels after oral consumption?

    <p>30 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which xanthine has the least potent cardiac stimulating effect?

    <p>Caffeine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitters are identified as morphine-like neurotransmitters found in the brain?

    <p>Enkephalins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect when mu opioid receptors are activated?

    <p>Enhanced euphoria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a strong full opiate agonist?

    <p>Oxycodone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which opioid antagonist reverses respiratory depression due to opioid overdose?

    <p>Naloxone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about the use of opioids?

    <p>Opioids are entirely safe with no risk of dependence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the effects associated with kappa opioid receptors?

    <p>Miosis and sedation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario is naltrexone administered?

    <p>To reverse opioid overdose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential side effects can result from opioid use in high doses?

    <p>Respiratory distress and death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which xanthines exert their effects in the brain?

    <p>They block adenosine receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological effect is associated with the use of xanthines?

    <p>Stimulation of the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is classified as a natural opioid?

    <p>Codeine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes antagonists from agonists in opioid pharmacology?

    <p>Antagonists occupy receptors without activating them; agonists activate them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the properties of morphine?

    <p>It acts as a strong analgesic with high potency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is an example of a semi-synthetic opioid?

    <p>Heroin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a partial agonist in the context of opioid receptors?

    <p>A drug that partially activates the receptor without complete blockage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following effects is not typically associated with the use of opioids?

    <p>Increased physical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common psychological effect experienced while using LSD?

    <p>Feelings of spirituality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary active ingredient in psilocybin mushrooms?

    <p>Psilocybin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it typically take for LSD to take effect after ingestion?

    <p>30 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is primarily associated with euphoric effects at lower doses?

    <p>Mescaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological response is commonly associated with all mentioned hallucinogens?

    <p>Dilated pupils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter does LSD primarily stimulate to exert its effects?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is the typical duration of effects for MDMA?

    <p>4-8 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major physical effect is observed in users of mescaline?

    <p>Heightened sensory perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true regarding cross tolerance in opioids?

    <p>Higher doses are needed to maintain effects due to shared tolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological dependence characteristic involves experiencing withdrawal symptoms when not using the drug?

    <p>Negative reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a deliriant?

    <p>PCP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chemical structure does MDMA share that categorizes it as a catechol?

    <p>Norepinephrine structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of phantastica psychedelics?

    <p>They allow users to communicate with the present world while altering perceptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception regarding opioid withdrawal?

    <p>Withdrawal resembles a mild case of the intestinal flu.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these substances is classified as an indole psychedelic?

    <p>LSD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is NOT considered for the classification of psychedelics?

    <p>User popularity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary receptor that THC mostly binds to in the brain?

    <p>CB1 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After oral administration of THC, when do peak effects typically occur?

    <p>60-90 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of THC and its metabolites remain in the body after one week?

    <p>25-30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological effect is associated with marijuana use shortly after ingestion?

    <p>Euphoria or 'being high'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medical use was Dronabinol approved for in 1985?

    <p>Antiemetic properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does chronic introduction of THC have on tolerance levels?

    <p>Tolerance usually develops after high levels of usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common withdrawal symptom associated with THC cessation?

    <p>Disrupted sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological effect results from acute exposure to marijuana?

    <p>Bronchodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Tobacco

    • Psychoactive chemical: Nicotine
    • Safer cigarettes: A debated topic
    • Health hazards and carcinogens: Tobacco/tobacco smoke affects nearly all body parts (mouth, brain, stomach, reproductive system). It contains numerous damaging chemicals like acetone, ammonia, and hexamine.
    • Tar: Condensed particles in cigarettes, producing a brown mass.
    • Carcinogens: Combined with other chemicals to cause cancer. Examples include Benzo(a)pyrene, Nitrosamine, and Urethane.
    • Poisonous substances: Arsenic and Hydrogen cyanide
    • Smokeless tobacco & health concerns: Carry warning labels; increased risk of dental disease and oral cancer.
    • Carcinogens: Contain potent carcinogens like nitrosamines, causing leukoplakia.

    E-Cigarettes

    • Nicotine delivery system: Turns nicotine and other chemicals into vapor.
    • Long-term effects: Affects lungs, heart, blood vessels, and other organs.
    • Cause of death: The greatest avoidable cause of death, risk increases for those who start young.
    • Chronic Bronchitis (COPD): inflammation of the airways
    • Blood Vessels: Nicotine affects blood vessels, leading to plaque buildup.
    • Diabetes: Can cause insulin resistance in those with diabetes.

    Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)

    • Components: Mainstream, sidestream, and thirdhand smoke.
    • Health effects: Classified as a Class A carcinogen (highly hazardous)
    • Mainstream: Smoke exhaled by the smoker.
    • Sidestream: Smoke rising from the cigarette's ash.
    • Thirdhand: Residual nicotine and chemicals left on surfaces by tobacco/vapes.

    Effects of ETS and Tobacco

    • Respiratory problems: Cough, headaches, eye and sinus problems.
    • Health implications: 3,400 deaths due to lung cancer and 46,000 deaths from heart disease.
    • Effects on children: Increased risk of bronchitis, pneumonia, and SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome).
    • Reduced lung function: Asthma, and other breathing issues
    • Pregnancy complications: Miscarriage, low birth weight, and SIDS.

    Nicotine Pharmacology

    • Absorption, metabolism, and mechanism of action: An active ingredient (a natural liquid alkaloid). Colorless and volatile.
    • Tolerance and dependence: Develops quickly. Lethal dose is 60 mg.
    • Inhalation: Very effective, 90% of inhaled nicotine is absorbed.
    • Deactivation: 80-90% of nicotine is deactivated in the liver and excreted via kidneys.
    • Liver Enzymes: Nicotine use increases liver enzyme activity, contributing to tolerance, and potentially leading to lethal doses due to reduced deactivation.
    • Short Half-life: 24-84 minutes.
    • Active Metabolite: Cotinine.
    • Inactive Metabolite: 3-Hydroxycotinine
    • Mechanism of action: Mimics acetylcholine, stimulating, then blocking receptor sites. Causes a release of dopamine and adrenaline.
    • Indirect Sympathomimetic effect

    Quitting Smoking

    • Challenges: Physiological and behavioral issues
    • Treatments: Pharmacological and replacement therapies.
    • CNS and circulatory system: Increased heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen need of the heart, and decreased blood oxygen potentially leading to shortness of breath.
    • Behavioral effects: Nicotine has both stimulant and calming effects.
    • Replacement Therapy: Delivering nicotine without tar or carbon monoxide. Examples: gum, patches, and inhalers.
    • Pharmacological: Bupropion (zyban)

    Caffeine

    • Category: Xanthine
    • Xanthines: Caffeine, theophylline, theobromine; three primary sources
    • Purine base: Found in human bodies and other organisms.
    • Plant sources: Coffee plants, tea plants, and cacao plants.

    Caffeine Content

    • Coffee: 90-95mg of caffeine per cup
    • Tea: 40-60mg of caffeine per cup (varies with type and brewing strength)
    • Tea leaves (1 lb) equivalent: 200 cups of tea
    • Coffee (1 lb) equivalent: 50-60 cups of coffee
    • Theophylline (Tea): Very small amount (0.3% by mass), used as an asthma medication in higher doses
    • Theobromine (Chocolate) : Similar to caffeine but less potent. Avg cup: ~200mg.
    • Cocoa (avg cup): 4mg of caffeine

    Caffeine Pharmacology

    • Effects on CNS and Cardiovascular System: Stimulation and effects that can include dependence
    • Dependence: Withdrawal symptoms (fatigue, headache). DSM-5 does not list caffeine as a substance use disorder.

    Caffeine Mechanism

    • Mechanism of Action: Xanthines block adenosine receptors in the brain
    • Adenosine: Behavioral sedation (inhibitory neurotransmitter). Modulates other neurotransmitters (dopamine and epinephrine).
    • Physiological Effects: Stimulates the CNS (central nervous system) and skeletal muscles, causing sleep disturbances.
    • Cardiovascular effects: Theophylline and theobromine are more potent cardiac stimulants than caffeine.

    Caffeine CNS Effects

    • Stimulant Effect: Caffeine is the greatest stimulant. Theobromine and theophylline have less of an effect.
    • Time course: Rapid absorption, peaks in 30 minutes, half-life of 3 hours (short duration).

    Opioids

    • Naturally occurring: Derived from the poppy plant.
    • Uses: Pain relief, pleasure, and anxiety relief.
    • Classification: Analgesic (pain relief), Anesthetic (lack of sensory feeling from the body).
    • Natural forms: Morphine, codeine, thebaine
    • Semisynthetic: Heroin, oxymorphone, hydromorphone
    • Synthetic: Meperidine, methadone, morphine derivatives, benzamorphans.

    Opioid Classification

    • Opiates: Opium, morphine, codeine—more natural origin
    • Opioids: Heroin, fentanyl, morphine—derivatives more pervasive

    Opioid Receptors and Mechanism

    • Mechanism of action: Bind to opioid receptors in the brain (mu, delta, kappa).
    • Effects: Brain reward system, dopamine release, GABA and norepinephrine blockage
    • Antagonists: Naltrexone, nalorphine, naloxone—block opioid receptor action (reverse opioid overdose symptoms.)

    Opioid Risks

    • Acute toxicity: Respiratory depression potentially fatal
    • Chronic toxicity: Associated with injection & blood borne diseases.
    • Misconceptions: Withdrawal is not always severe, not always addiction after one use.
    • Tolerance: Cross-tolerance among opioids; higher doses needed to maintain effects.

    Psychedelics

    • Effects: Alter perceptions. Mood changes.
    • Uses: Treat mental health illness/conditions.
    • Types: LSD, psilocybin, and MDMA (examples)
    • Chemical Classes: Indole and catechol groups

    Psychedelic Factors

    • Chemical structure
    • Pharmacological properties
    • Effects: Mental confusion and loss of touch with reality.
    • Physiological effects: Increased heart rate, pupils dilation, blocks mucus production, and inhibits salivation

    Marijuana

    • Schedule 1 drug: A category of controlled substances
    • Plant source: Derived from the cannabis plant
    • THC: Primary psychoactive ingredient
    • Cannabinoids: Unique plant chemicals (70 types) including CBD for medicinal use (no psychoactive effects.)

    Marijuana Pharmacology

    • Time course: THC affects the brain quickly with peak effects in 5-10 minutes and lasts 1-3 hours. Oral use peaks after 90 minutes and lasts 8-10 hours
    • Metabolism: Metabolized by the liver enzymes—CYP450-3A4
    • Potency: 11-hydroxy-delta-9-THC is more potent.
    • Physiological effects: Increases heart rate; red eyes, dry mouth, increased appetite.

    Marijuana Mechanisms

    • Action on the brain: THC and other cannabinoids bind to CB1 & CB2 receptors, affects dopamine & norepinephrine, leading to psychological side effects.

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    Final Study: Chapter 10: Tobacco PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on xanthines and their effects, as well as opioid mechanisms and their clinical applications. This quiz covers caffeine, the cacao-derived xanthine, and various aspects of opioid pharmacology. Explore topics such as dependence, receptor activation, and medication uses.

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